Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

θ	thin	ð	this	ʃ	she	ʒ	measure
tʃ	church	dʒ	judge	ŋ	sing	j	yes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

-s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
-ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
-ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

upper

UK /ˈʌpə/ · US /ˈʌpɚ/ adjective, noun, verb

Forms uppermore uppermost uppers uppering uppered

adjective At a higher physical position, level, rank or order.
adjective Situated on higher ground, further inland, more upstream, or more northerly.
adjective (geology, of strata or geological time periods) Younger, more recent.
adjective (education) Of or pertaining to a secondary school.
noun A stimulant, such as amphetamine, that increases energy and decreases appetite.
noun Anything that cheers one up.
noun The upper portion of something.
noun (shoemaking) The piece of material that forms the top part of a shoe or boot above the sole. “genuine leather upper / balance manmade [label on a shoe]”
noun (footwear) The Y-shaped strap on flip-flops.
noun Someone with higher social standing
noun A senior student.
noun That which is higher, contrasted with the lower.
verb (rare) To fix an upper onto a shoe.
verb (nonstandard) To raise.

Synonyms

Inherited from Middle English upper. By surface analysis, up + -er.

adjective Being further up, literally or figuratively; higher in place, position, rank, dignity, or the like; superior; as, the upper lip; the upper side of a thing; the upper house of a legislature. The upper hand, the superiority; the advantage. See To have the upper hand, under Hand. Jowett (Thucyd.).
noun The upper leather for a shoe; a vamp.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “upper”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “upper” (best matches first).