Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

chug

/t͡ʃʌɡ/ noun, verb

Forms chugs chugging chugged

  1. noun A dull, fairly quick explosive or percussive sound, as if made by a labouring engine.
  2. noun A large gulp of drink. “He drank his beer in three chugs.”
  3. noun A homemade Cuban boat, built to carry emigrants to the USA, and often abandoned upon arrival.
  4. noun (derogatory, ethnic slur) A person of Native American descent.
  5. noun (music, chiefly metal) A palm muted note on a distorted electric guitar.
  6. verb (intransitive) To make dull explosive sounds.
  7. verb (intransitive) To move or travel whilst making such sounds. “We were chugging along a back road when the engine cut out.”
  8. verb (intransitive, by extension) To move or travel at a steady, although not especially fast, pace.
  9. verb (transitive, colloquial) To drink a large amount (especially of beer) in a single action/without breathing; to chugalug. Usually chanted at the person who is drinking. “Chug! Chug! Chug!”
  10. verb (intransitive, video games) To function or perform with difficulty, typically due to inadequate resources or performance limitations. “My game chugs every time too many NPCs are onscreen.”
  11. noun A dog that is a cross between a pug and a chihuahua.
  12. verb (transitive, UK slang, derogatory) To solicit charitable donations on the street, particularly in a persistent manner. “I got chugged in the town centre today.”

Etymology

Onomatopoeic, in imitation of a working steam engine. The racial slur sense derives from the stereotype of Native Americans chugging alcohol.

Blend of chihuahua + pug.

Blend of charity + mug (“to violently rob on the street”).

Sources: Wiktionary — from the Wiktionary entry “chug”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details