Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

θ	thin	ð	this	ʃ	she	ʒ	measure
tʃ	church	dʒ	judge	ŋ	sing	j	yes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

-s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
-ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
-ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

commutative

adjective

adjective (mathematics, of a binary operation) Such that the order in which the operands are taken does not affect their image under the operation. “Addition on the real numbers is commutative because for any real numbers s,t, it is true that s#43;t#61;t#43;s.”
adjective (algebra, of an algebraic structure) Having a commutative operation.
adjective (mathematics, of a diagram of morphisms) Such that any two sequences of morphisms with the same initial and final positions compose to the same morphism.
adjective Relating to exchange; interchangeable.

Synonyms

From French commuter (“to substitute or switch”) + -ative (“tending to”). See commute.

Etymology [CF. F. commutatif.]

Sources: Wiktionary · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “commutative”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details