Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

grim

/ɡɹɪm/ adjective, verb, noun, proper noun

Also a form of grime

Forms grimmer grimmest grims grimming grimmed

  1. adjective Dismal and gloomy, cold and forbidding. “Life was grim in many northern industrial towns.”
  2. adjective Rigid and unrelenting. “His grim determination enabled him to win.”
  3. adjective Ghastly or sinister. “A grim castle overshadowed the village.”
  4. adjective Disgusting; gross. “– Wanna see the dead rat I found in my fridge? – Mate, that is grim!”
  5. adjective (obsolete) Fierce, cruel, furious.
  6. verb (transitive, rare) To make grim; to give a stern or forbidding aspect to.
  7. noun (MLE, slang, probably a fashionable word around 2006, now dated) A promiscuous woman.
  8. noun (obsolete) Anger, wrath.
  9. noun (obsolete) A specter, ghost, haunting spirit.
  10. proper noun An English surname

Synonyms

bleak harsh cheerless comfortless dark morose depressing desolate dire disconsolate dismal doleful dolesome drear drearisome dreary dreich forlorn gayless gray inexorable relentless stern unappeasable unforgiving unrelenting ghastly grisly gruesome macabre

Etymology

From Middle English grim, from Old English grimm, from Proto-West Germanic *grimm, from Proto-Germanic *grimmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to resound, thunder, grumble, roar”).

From Middle English grim, grym, greme, from Old English *grimu, *grimmu, grima, from Proto-Germanic *grimmį̄ (“anger, wrath”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to resound, thunder, grumble, roar”). Cognate with Middle Dutch grimme, Middle High German grimme f (“anger”), modern German Grimm m.

Probably derived from Old English *Grīm, Old Norse Grímr (literally “masked person”).

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “grim”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details