Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

hitherto

UK /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/ · US /ˈhɪðəɹˌtu/ adverb, adjective

  1. adverb (formal, also law) Up to this or that time.
  2. adverb Up to this place.
  3. adverb In speech or writing: up to this point; thus far.
  4. adverb (obsolete) Synonym of hereto (“regarding this subject; to achieve this result; to this end”).
  5. adjective (archaic) Existing or occurring before now; former, preceding, previous.

Synonyms

up to now heretofore hereto as yet as of yet erenow herebefore heretoforetime hereunto hereuntofore hithertofore so far thus far to date yet antecedent anterior earlier erstwhile ex til now until now

Antonyms

from now on henceforth anymore any more as of now going forward hereafter henceforward henceforwards in future in the future moving forward

Etymology

The adverb is derived from Middle English hiderto (“to the present time, until now; up to this point”), from hider (“in this direction, to or toward this place; up to the present time, until now”) (from Old English hider (“to here, hither”)) + to (“in the direction of, toward; etc.”). By surface analysis, hither + to.
The adjective is derived from the adverb.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adverb To this place; to a prescribed limit.
  2. adverb Up to this time; as yet; until now. The Lord hath blessed me hitherto. Josh. xvii. 14.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “hitherto”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “hitherto” (best matches first).