Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

θ	thin	ð	this	ʃ	she	ʒ	measure
tʃ	church	dʒ	judge	ŋ	sing	j	yes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

-s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
-ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
-ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

ruddle

/ˈɹʌdəl/ noun, verb, proper noun

Forms ruddles ruddling ruddled

noun A form of red ochre sometimes used to mark sheep.
noun (obsolete) Ruddiness; red coloration.
verb To mark something with red ochre.
verb To raddle or twist.
noun A riddle or sieve.
verb (transitive) To sift together; to mix, as through a sieve.
proper noun A surname.
proper noun An unincorporated community in Pendleton County, West Virginia, United States.

Synonyms

From rud + -le. Compare German Rötel (“track”), Post-Classical Latin rudellum. Compare to reddle and raddle.

Variant of Ruddell.

verb To raddle or twist. [Obs.]
noun A riddle or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.
noun A species of red earth colored by iron sesquioxide; red ocher.
verb To mark with ruddle; to raddle; to rouge. "Their ruddled cheeks." Thackeray.

Etymology [See Rud; cf. Reddle.]

Sources: Wiktionary · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “ruddle”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details