Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

θ	thin	ð	this	ʃ	she	ʒ	measure
tʃ	church	dʒ	judge	ŋ	sing	j	yes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

-s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
-ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
-ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

runoff

noun

Forms runoffs run-off

noun That portion of precipitation or irrigation on an area which does not infiltrate or evaporate, but instead is discharged from the area.
noun Dissolved chemicals, etc, included in such water. “The runoff of nitrates is poisoning the lake.”
noun (sports) A second or further round of a competition, after other competitors (often all but the last two) have been eliminated.
noun (politics) A second or further round of an indecisive election, after other candidates (often all but the last two) have been eliminated. “There will now be a runoff as neither front runner received more than 50% of the vote.”

Synonyms

Deverbal from run off.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 — from the Wiktionary entry “runoff”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details