Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

turnpike

/ˈtɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/ noun, verb

Forms turnpikes turnpiking turnpiked

  1. noun A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of animals, but admitting a person to pass between the arms.
  2. noun A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, until a toll is paid.
  3. noun (Scotland) A winding stairway.
  4. noun (military) A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval de frise.
  5. noun (chiefly US) A toll road, especially a toll expressway. In some places the clipped version, pike, is used for roads without tolls.
  6. noun (mathematical economics) A trajectory on a finite time interval that satisfies an optimality criterion which is associated with a cost function.
  7. verb (transitive) To form (a road, etc.) in the manner of a turnpike road, or into a rounded form, as the path of a road.

Synonyms

turnstile tollgate tollbar pike toll road

Etymology

From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until a toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).

Webster’s 1913

  1. noun A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between the arms; a turnstile. See Turnstile, 1.
  2. noun A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, till toll is paid for keeping the road in repair; a tollgate.
  3. verb To form, as a road, in the manner of a turnpike road; into a rounded form, as the path of a road. Knowles.

Etymology [Turn + pike.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “turnpike”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details