Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

dutch

/dʌt͡ʃ/ noun, adjective, proper noun, verb

Forms dutches dutching dutched Dutcher Dutchest Du.

  1. noun (slang) wife
  2. adjective Of or pertaining to the Netherlands, the Dutch people or the Dutch language.
  3. adjective (archaic, fossil word) Pertaining to Germanic-speaking peoples on the European continent, chiefly the Germans (especially established German-speaking communities in parts of the USA), or the Dutch; Teutonic; Germanic.
  4. adjective (obsolete, fossil word, derogatory) Substitute, inferior, ersatz.
  5. adjective (dated) Thrifty.
  6. adjective (South Africa, derogatory, ethnic slur) Pertaining to Afrikaner culture (Cape Dutch).
  7. proper noun The main language of the Netherlands, Flanders (i.e., the northern half of Belgium) and Suriname; Netherlandic.
  8. proper noun (archaic) German; the main language of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Alsace, Luxembourg).
  9. proper noun A male given name, more often given as a nickname to someone of Dutch or German ancestry than as an official given name.
  10. noun (collective) The people of the Netherlands, or one of certain ethnic groups descending from the people of the Netherlands. “The Dutch will vote on the matter next month.”
  11. noun (collective, South Africa, derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur) Afrikaner people (Cape Dutch).
  12. noun (collective) The Pennsylvania Dutch people.
  13. noun (dated) Synonym of double Dutch (“incomprehensible language or speech”).
  14. verb To treat cocoa beans or powder with an alkali solution to darken the color and lessen the bitterness of the flavor.

Synonyms

Netherlandic Netherlandish double Dutch Dutch people

Etymology

Clipping of duchess.

See Dutch.

From Middle English Duch (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch (“German, Low German, Dutch”) and Middle Dutch dūtsch, dūtsc (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (“of one’s people”), derived from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂. Doublet of Deutsch and Doitsu.
Compare Middle English thedisch (“native, endemic”) from Old English þēodisċ (“of one’s people”), Old Saxon thiudisk (German Low German düütsch (“German”)), Old High German diutisc (modern German deutsch (“German”)), modern Dutch Duits (“German”) alongside elevated Diets (“Dutch”) (a secondary distinction, fully accepted only in the 19th century). See also Derrick, Teuton, Teutonic. Cognate with Persian توده (tude, “people, nation”).
The pejorative senses (Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle, etc.) are said to stem from the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the accompanying rivalry.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants. Dutch auction.
  2. noun pl.
  3. noun The people of Holland; Dutchmen.

Etymology [D. duitsch German; or G. deutsch, orig., popular, national, OD. dietsc, MHG. diutsch, tiutsch, OHG. diutisk, fr. diot, diota, a people, a nation; akin to AS. peód, OS. thiod, thioda, Goth. piuda; cf. Lith. tauta land, OIr. tuath people, Oscan touto. The English have applied the name especially to the Germanic people living nearest them, the Hollanders. Cf. Derrick, Teutonic.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “dutch”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details