Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

“fortifying” is a form of

fortify

UK /ˈfɔːtɪfaɪ/ · US /ˈfɔɹtəˌfaɪ/ verb

Forms fortifies fortifying fortified fortifiest fortifiedst fortifieth

  1. verb To give power, strength, or vigour to (oneself or someone, or to something); to strengthen.
  2. verb To support (one's or someone's opinion, statement, etc.) by producing evidence, etc.; to confirm, to corroborate.
  3. verb To increase the nutritional value of (food) by adding ingredients, especially minerals or vitamins. “Soy milk is often fortified with calcium.”
  4. verb To impart fortitude or moral strength to (someone or their determination, or something); to encourage.
  5. verb To make (something) defensible against attack by hostile forces.
  6. verb (archaic) To make (something) structurally strong; to strengthen.
  7. verb To increase the defences of (an army, soldiers, etc.), or put (it or them) in a defensive position.
  8. verb To secure and strengthen (a place, its walls, etc.) by installing fortifications or other military works.

Synonyms

embattle strengthen beef up fort arm build up gird spike lace

Etymology

From Late Middle English fortifien, fortfien (“to strengthen (a castle, etc.) from attack; to strengthen (an army, etc.); to strengthen (a person), aid, support; to reinforce, support; to improve; to increase the efficacy of”), from Old French fortifier (modern French fortifier), from Late Latin fortificāre (“to strengthen, fortify”), from Latin fortis (“powerful, strong”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to ascend, rise up; to be elevated or up high”) or *dʰerǵʰ- (“to be firm; robust, strong”)) + -ficō (suffix forming causative or factitive, or other verbs).

Webster’s 1913

  1. verb To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack.
  2. verb To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces.
  3. verb To raise defensive works. Milton.

Etymology [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “fortify”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “fortify” (best matches first).