Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

upstream

/ʌpˈstɹiːm/ adjective, adverb, verb, noun

Forms further upstream farther upstream furthest upstream farthest upstream upstreams upstreaming upstreamed

  1. adjective In a direction against the flow of a current or stream of fluid (typically water); upriver.
  2. adjective (figurative) Occurring earlier than something else; (also, usually, especially) being an influence on something else; causing a consequence for something else. “Input entry is upstream of input validation in the runtime process.”
  3. adjective (oil industry) Involving exploration and pre-production rather than refining and selling.
  4. adjective (computer networking) In the direction from the client to the server.
  5. adjective (software) Maintained, owned, or associated with the original developers of the given software; in contrast to a modified version downstream. “The outage was caused by an upstream error in a payments library.”
  6. adjective (biology) Towards the leading end (5′ end) of a DNA molecule.
  7. adverb Against the current.
  8. verb (intransitive) To stream upward.
  9. verb (transitive, open-source software) To have (a software library, patch, etc.) accepted by the original developers of the related software, so that they maintain and distribute it. “I'd be more than happy to upstream your patch.”
  10. noun Part of the river towards the upstream direction.
  11. noun (open-source software) The original developers or maintainers of software.

Synonyms

upriver

Antonyms

downstream

Etymology

From up- + stream.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adverb Toward the higher part of a stream; against the current.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “upstream”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details