Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

bogus

UK /ˈbəʊ̯ɡəs/ · US /ˈboʊ̯ɡəs/ adjective, noun, proper noun

Forms Boguses

  1. adjective Counterfeit or fake; not genuine. “He was arrested for trying to cash a bogus check at the bank.”
  2. adjective (slang) Undesirable or harmful.
  3. adjective (computing, slang) Incorrect, useless, or broken.
  4. adjective (philately) Of a totally fictitious issue printed for collectors, often issued on behalf of a non-existent territory or country (not to be confused with forgery, which is an illegitimate copy of a genuine stamp).
  5. adjective Based on false or misleading information or unjustified assumptions. “bogus laws”
  6. noun A liquor made of rum and molasses.
  7. noun (archaic) Counterfeit money.
  8. proper noun A surname.

Synonyms

phony artificial bad bollocks concocted counterfeit ersatz fabricated false falsified fake faux feigned forged fraudulent illegitimate ingenuine mock phoney phony-baloney bastard

Etymology

First attested as an underworld term for an apparatus for creating counterfeit coins, then the coins themselves. Later, the word was applied to anything of poor quality. The newest use to mean useless is probably from the slang of computer hackers.
The origin is unknown, but there are at least two theories that try to trace its origin:
* From Hausa boko (“to fake”). Since bogus first appeared in the United States, it may be possible that its ancestor was brought there on a slave ship.
* From criminal slang as a short form of tantrabogus, a 19th-century slang term for a menacing object, making some believe that bogus might be linked to bogy or bogey (see bogeyman). In this sense, Bogus might be related to Bogle – a traditional trickster from the Scottish Borders, noted for achieving acts of household trickery; confusing, but not usually damaging.

Borrowed from Polish Bogus, Boguś, or Romanian Boguș.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Spurious; fictitious; sham; --a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit.
  2. noun A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Etymology [Etymol. uncertain.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “bogus”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details