Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

gouge

/ˈɡaʊ̯d͡ʒ/ noun, verb, proper noun

Forms gouges gouging gouged

  1. noun A chisel with a curved blade for cutting or scooping channels, grooves, or holes in wood, stone, etc.
  2. noun A bookbinder's tool with a curved face, used for blind tooling or gilding.
  3. noun An incising tool that cuts blanks or forms for envelopes, gloves, etc., from leather, paper, or other materials.
  4. noun A cut or groove, as left by a gouge or something sharp. “The nail left a deep gouge in the tire.”
  5. noun (originally US, colloquial) An act of gouging.
  6. noun (slang) A cheat, a fraud; an imposition.
  7. noun (slang) An impostor.
  8. noun (mining) Soft material lying between the wall of a vein and the solid vein of ore.
  9. verb (transitive) To make a groove, hole, or mark in by scooping with or as if with a gouge. “Japanese and Chinese printers used to gouge characters in wood.”
  10. verb (transitive) To cheat or impose upon; in particular, to charge an unfairly or unreasonably high price. “The company has no competition, so it tends to gouge its customers.”
  11. verb (transitive, intransitive) To dig or scoop (something) out with or as if with a gouge; in particular, to use a thumb to push or try to push the eye (of a person) out of its socket.
  12. verb (intransitive) To use a gouge.
  13. proper noun A surname.

Synonyms

swindle engrave grave incise defraud dent ding nick force out extort squeeze rack wring rout

Etymology

From Middle English gouge (“chisel with concave blade; gouge”), from Old French gouge, goi (“gouge”), from Late Latin goia, gubia, gulbia (“chisel; piercer”), borrowed from Gaulish *gulbiā, from Proto-Celtic *gulbā, *gulbi, *gulbīnos (“beak, bill”). The English word is cognate with Italian gorbia, gubbia (“ferrule”), Old Breton golb, Old Irish gulba (“beak”), Portuguese goiva, Scottish Gaelic gilb (“chisel”), Spanish gubia (“chisel, gouge”), Welsh gylf (“beak; pointed instrument”), gylyf (“sickle”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

Webster’s 1913

  1. noun A chisel, with a hollow or semicylindrical blade, for scooping or cutting holes, channels, or grooves, in wood, stone, etc.; a similar instrument, with curved edge, for turning wood.
  2. noun A bookbinder's tool for blind tooling or gilding, having a face which forms a curve.
  3. verb To scoop out with a gouge.
  4. verb To scoop out, as an eye, with the thumb nail; to force out the eye of (a person) with the thumb. [K S.]

Etymology [F. gouge. LL. gubia, guvia, gulbia, gulvia, gulvium; cf. Bisc. gubia bow, gubioa throat.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “gouge”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details