Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

orthogonal

UK /ɔːˈθɒɡ.ə.nəl/ · US /ɔɹˈθɑ.ɡə.nəl/ adjective, noun

Forms orthogonals orthagonal

  1. adjective (geometry) Of two objects, at right angles; perpendicular to each other. “A chord and the radius that bisects it are orthogonal.”
  2. adjective Of a pair of vectors: having a zero inner product; perpendicular. “The normal vector and tangent vector at a given point are orthogonal.”
  3. adjective Of a square matrix: such that its transpose is equal to its inverse.
  4. adjective Of a linear transformation: preserving its angles.
  5. adjective Of grid graphs, board games and polyominoes: vertical or horizontal but not diagonal.
  6. adjective Of a pair of elements in an ortholattice: each less than or equal to the orthocomplement of the other.
  7. adjective (statistics) Statistically independent, with reference to variates.
  8. adjective (software engineering) Of two or more aspects of a problem, able to be treated separately; of a design, exhibiting consistency and composability. “The content of the message should be orthogonal to the means of its delivery.”
  9. noun An orthogonal line. “All of the orthogonals in this painting display an understanding of linear perspective.”

Synonyms

extraneous immaterial impertinent rectangular

Antonyms

unorthogonal

Etymology

From Middle French orthogonal, in turn from Medieval Latin orthogōnālis and Latin orthogōnius (“right-angled”), ultimately from Ancient Greek ὀρθογώνιος (orthogṓnios, “rectangular”). By surface analysis, ortho- + -gon + -al.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Right-angled; rectangular; as, an orthogonal intersection of one curve with another. Orthogonal projection. See under Orthographic.

Etymology [Cf. F. orthogonal.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “orthogonal”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details