Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

presume

UK /pɹɪˈzjuːm/ · US /pɹɪˈz(j)um/ verb

Forms presumes presuming presumed præsume

  1. verb (transitive) To be so presumptuous as (to do something) without proper authority or permission [with to (+ infinitive)]. “I don't want to pretend to be an authority on this line of business, so I would never presume to tell you how to run your own company.”
  2. verb (transitive, now rare) To perform, do (something) without authority; to lay claim to without permission. “Don't make the decision yourself and presume too much.”
  3. verb (transitive) To assume or suggest to be true (without proof); to take for granted, to suppose. “Paw-prints in the snow allow us to presume a visit from next door's cat.”
  4. verb (transitive) To take as a premise; to assume for the sake of argument.
  5. verb (intransitive) To impose (on) for one's advantage; to be presumptuous; to take advantage (of); to take liberties (with) [with on or upon]. “Thanks, but I can't accept the money; I would not want to presume on the generosity of a stranger'”

Synonyms

suppose assume take for granted make bold dare

Etymology

From Middle English presumen, from Anglo-Norman presumer and its source, Latin praesūmere (“to take beforehand, anticipate”), from prae- + sūmere (“to take”).

Webster’s 1913

  1. verb To assume or take beforehand; esp., to do or undertake without leave or authority previously obtained.
  2. verb To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, without examination or proof, or on the strength of probability; to take for granted; to infer; to suppose.
  3. verb To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to believe by anticipation; to infer; as, we may presume too far.
  4. verb To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of leave or authority not granted; to go beyond what is warranted by the circumstances of the case; to venture beyond license; to take liberties; --often with on or upon before the ground of confidence.

Etymology [F. présumer, L. praesumere, praesumptum; prae before + sumere to take. See Assume, Redeem.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “presume”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details