Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

purl

UK /pɜːl/ · US /pɝl/ noun, verb

Forms purls purling purled

  1. noun A particular stitch in knitting in which the working yarn is pulled through an existing stitch from front to back.
  2. noun The edge of lace trimmed with loops.
  3. noun An embroidered and puckered border; a hem or fringe, often of gold or silver twist; also, a pleat or fold, as of a band.
  4. verb To decorate with fringe or embroidered edge “Needlework purled with gold.”
  5. verb (knitting) To use or create a purl stitch or stitches. “Knit one, purl two.”
  6. noun a heavy or headlong fall; an upset.
  7. verb (archaic) To upset, to spin, capsize, fall heavily, fall headlong. “The huntsman was purled from his horse.”
  8. verb (intransitive) To flow with a murmuring sound in swirls and eddies.
  9. verb To rise in circles, ripples, or undulations; to curl; to mantle.
  10. noun A circle made by the motion of a fluid; an eddy; a ripple.
  11. noun A gentle murmuring sound, such as that produced by the running of a liquid among obstructions. “the purl of a brook”
  12. noun (archaic) Ale or beer spiced with wormwood or other bitter herbs, regarded as a tonic.
  13. noun (archaic) Hot beer mixed with gin, sugar, and spices.

Synonyms

purl stitch eddy whirlpool swirl whirl sough

Etymology

Unknown; apparently related to Scots and dialect pirl (“twist, ripple, whirl, spin”), and possibly to Older Scots pyrl ("thrust or poke at"). Compare Venetan pirlo, an embellishment where the woven threads are twisted together. May be unrelated to purfle, though the meanings are similar.

from Middle English pirle (“whirligig”), Middle Italian pirla (“whipping top”).

From Old Norse purla (“to babble”), possibly ultimately from an imitative Germanic base related to Dutch polder, Norwegian puldra (“to gush”) and pulla (“to bubble”), Old English polr (“marsh”).

Possibly from the pearl-like appearance caused by bubbles on the surface of the liquid.

Webster’s 1913

  1. verb To decorate with fringe or embroidery. "Nature's cradle more enchased and purled." B. Jonson.
  2. noun An embroidered and puckered border; a hem or fringe, often of gold or silver twist; also, a pleat or fold, as of a band.
  3. noun An inversion of stitches in knitting, which gives to the work a ribbed or waved appearance. Purl stitch. Same as Purl, n., 2.
  4. verb To run swiftly round, as a small stream flowing among stones or other obstructions; to eddy; also, to make a murmuring sound, as water does in running over or through obstructions.

Etymology [Contr. fr. purfile, purfle. See Purfle.]

Etymology [Cf. Sw. porla, and E. pur to murmur as a cat.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “purl”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details