Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

refinement

/ɹəˈfaɪnmənt/ noun

Forms refinements

  1. noun The act, or the result of refining; the removal of impurities, or a purified material
  2. noun High-class style; cultivation.
  3. noun A fine or subtle distinction.
  4. noun A luxury.
  5. noun (software engineering) Synonym of grooming (“review and prioritization process”).

Synonyms

grooming gentility polish culture cultivation finish elaboration refining purification nuance nicety shade subtlety civilization civilisation

Etymology

Cf. F. raffinement.

Webster’s 1913

  1. noun The act of refining, or the state of being refined; as, the refinement or metals; refinement of ideas.
  2. noun That which is refined, elaborated, or polished to excess; an affected subtilty; as, refinements of logic. "The refinements of irregular cunning." Rogers.

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “refinement”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “refinement” (best matches first).