Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

ruffle

/ˈɹʌfəl/ noun, verb

Forms ruffles ruffling ruffled

  1. noun Any gathered or curled strip of fabric added as trim or decoration. “She loved the dress with the lace ruffle at the hem.”
  2. noun Disturbance; agitation; commotion. “to put the mind in a ruffle”
  3. noun (military) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, quieter than a roll; a ruff.
  4. noun (zoology) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oothecae, of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur.
  5. verb (transitive) To make a ruffle in; to curl or flute, as an edge of fabric. “Ruffle the end of the cuff.”
  6. verb (transitive) To disturb; especially, to cause to flutter. “The wind ruffled the papers.”
  7. verb (intransitive) To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent.
  8. verb (intransitive) To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter.
  9. verb (intransitive) To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs; to swagger.
  10. verb To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle.
  11. verb To erect in a ruff, as feathers.
  12. verb (military) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

Synonyms

frill furbelow perturb trouble unsettle agitate freak sting bother bring down discompose unstring disconcert enturbulate disturb mortify put out throw off balance upset flurry flounce choker ruff neck ruff affray disturbance fray ripple riffle cockle

Etymology

From Middle English ruffelen, perhaps from Old Norse hrufla (“to graze, scratch”) or Middle Low German ruffelen (“to wrinkle, curl”). Further origin unknown. Related to Middle Dutch ruyffelen, German Low German ruffeln. See English ruff.

Webster’s 1913

  1. verb To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle.
  2. verb To furnish with ruffles; as, to ruffle a shirt.
  3. verb To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.]
  4. verb To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter.

Etymology [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD. ruyffelen to wrinkle.]

Etymology [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “ruffle”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details