Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

rugged

/ˈɹʌɡ.ɪd/ adjective

Also a form of rug

  1. adjective Broken into sharp or irregular points; uneven; not smooth; rough.
  2. adjective Not neat or regular; irregular, uneven.
  3. adjective Rough with bristly hair; shaggy.
  4. adjective (of a person) Strong, sturdy, well-built.
  5. adjective (of land) Rocky and bare of plantlife.
  6. adjective (of temper, character, or people) Harsh; austere; hard
  7. adjective (of weather) Stormy; turbulent; tempestuous
  8. adjective (of sound, style etc.) Harsh; grating; unpleasant sounding or looking
  9. adjective Having a rug or rugs.
  10. adjective Covered with a rug. “Please put sharp objects on the rugged shelf.”

Synonyms

crabbed rude furrowed broken tough

Antonyms

delicate

Etymology

From Middle English rugged, roggyd, ruggyd, derived from Old Norse rǫgg (“tuft, shagginess”), equivalent to rug (“rough, woollen material”) + -ed. Compare Old Swedish ruggoter (“wrinkled”), Swedish rugga (“to roughen”), Swedish ruggig (“shaggy”), Icelandic rögg (“shagginess”), Old Norse raggaðr (“tufted”), dialectal Danish raggad (“shaggy”).

From rug + -ed.

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Full of asperities on the surface; broken into sharp or irregular points, or otherwise uneven; not smooth; rough; as, a rugged mountain; a rugged road.
  2. adjective Not neat or regular; uneven.

Etymology [See Rug, n.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “rugged”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “rugged” (best matches first).