Klryz
Pronunciation guide: the Pali alphabet and its sounds

Pali has 41 letters, in this order (the dictionary’s order): a ā i ī u ū e o · k kh g gh ṅ · c ch j jh ñ · ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ · t th d dh n · p ph b bh m · y r l ḷ v s h · ṃ. Devanagari is shown beside each word; Pali is also written in Sinhala, Burmese, Thai and other scripts.

Vowels

aअa in “about” (short)
āआa in “father” (long)
iइi in “sit”
īईee in “see” (long)
uउu in “put”
ūऊoo in “food” (long)
eएay in “day”; short before two consonants (mettā)
oओo in “go”; short before two consonants (sotthi)

Consonants

Throat

kकk in “skin”
khखk with a puff
gगg in “go”
ghघg with a puff
ṅङng in “sing”

Palate

cचch in “church” (never k)
chछch with a puff
jजj in “jam”
jhझj with a puff
ñञny in “canyon”

Tongue curled back

ṭटt, tongue tip curled back
ṭhठthe same with a puff
ḍडd, tongue curled back
ḍhढthe same with a puff
ṇणn, tongue curled back

Teeth

tतt on the teeth (French t)
thथt with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”)
dदd on the teeth
dhधd with a puff, “adhere” (never “this”)
nनn in “nut”

Lips

pपp in “spin”
phफp with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”)
bबb in “bat”
bhभb with a puff, “abhor”
mमm in “mat”

Others

yयy in “yes”
rरa light tapped r
lलl in “love”
ḷळl with the tongue curled back
vवbetween v and w
sसs in “sun” (never z)
hहh in “hand”
ṃंniggahīta: a nasal hum (saṃgha ≈ “sang-gha”); also written ṁ

How to say a word

  • An h after a consonant (kh, th, dh, ph, bh…) is a puff of breath, never English “th” or “ph”.
  • Double consonants are held: dham·ma, bud·dha, sat·ta (like “bookcase”, not “booking”).
  • Long syllables have ā ī ū e o, end in ṃ, or come before two consonants; the others are short. Stress the second-last syllable if it is long (nib·bā·na, met·tā), otherwise the one before it.
  • Each entry shows the word split into syllables, e.g. nib·bā·na, saṅ·gha, met·tā.
Pali grammar, metre and literary devices

Grammar: genders and numbers

masculinedhamma, buddhamost -a stems; nominative -o (dhammo)
femininemettā, paññāmostly -ā, -i, -ī stems
neutercitta, rūpa-a stems; nominative -aṃ (cittaṃ)
singular / pluraldhammo / dhammāPali has two numbers; the old dual is lost

Grammar: the 8 cases (dhamma, masc.)

nominativedhammo · dhammāsubject
accusativedhammaṃ · dhammeobject; goal of motion
instrumentaldhammena · dhammehiby, with
dativedhammāya, dhammassa · dhammānaṃto, for
ablativedhammā, dhammasmā, dhammamhā · dhammehifrom; because of
genitivedhammassa · dhammānaṃof
locativedhamme, dhammasmiṃ, dhammamhi · dhammesuin, on, at; when
vocativedhamma · dhammāO …!

Singular · plural. buddha declines the same way: buddho, buddhaṃ, buddhena, buddhāya/buddhassa, buddhā, buddhassa, buddhe, buddha.

Grammar: verbs (bhavati / hoti “is, becomes”)

presentbhavati, hoti · bhavanti, hontihe/she is · they are; also bhavāmi/homi “I am”
aorist (past)ahosi · ahesuṃhe/she was · they were (also abhavi)
futurebhavissati, hessati, hohitiwill be
optativebhaveyyamay be, should be (wishes, rules, conditions)
imperativebhavatu, hotu · hontulet it be · let them be
conditionalabhavissawould have been (rare)

Grammar: non-finite forms

absolutive -tvābhavitvā, hutvā; gantvā, disvāhaving been; having gone, having seen
infinitive -tuṃbhavituṃ, kātuṃ, gantuṃto be, to do, to go
present participle -nt / -mānabhavanto, bhavamānabeing
past participle -ta / -nabhūta, kata, dinnabecome, done, given
future passive -tabba / -anīyakātabba, karaṇīyato be done, what should be done

Grammar: compounds (samāsa)

dvandasamaṇabrāhmaṇā“ascetics and brahmins”: X and Y
tappurisarājaputta“king’s son”: Y of/by/for X
kammadhārayamahāpurisa“great man”: Y that is X
digutiratana“the three jewels”: a numeral first
bahubbīhimahāpañña“(one) having great wisdom”: describes someone else
avyayībhāvayathābalaṃ“according to strength”: indeclinable, adverb-like

Grammar: sandhi (joining sounds)

vowel droppedna + atthi → natthi“there is not”
vowels mergetatra + ayaṃ → tatrāyaṃa + a → ā
i + voweliti + evaṃ → iccevaṃi becomes y, ty → cc
ṃ + vowelevaṃ + āha → evam āhaṃ becomes m
ṃ + consonantsaṃ + gaha → saṅgahaṃ takes the nasal of the next consonant
doublingpa + kamati → pakkamatia consonant is doubled after a prefix

Prosody: heavy and light syllables

garu (heavy) –ā ī ū e o; a short vowel + ṃ or two consonantsdham- in dhamma, saṃ- in saṃgha
lahu (light) ⏑a short vowel (a i u) + at most one consonantma- in manasā

Metres are counted either by syllables (akkharachandas) or by morae, mattā (light = 1, heavy = 2).

Prosody: main metres

siloka (anuṭṭhubha)4 × 8 syllablesthe commonest; even lines usually end ⏑ – ⏑ x
tuṭṭhubha4 × 11 syllablesyānīdha bhūtāni samāgatāni (Ratana-sutta, Sn 222)
jagatī4 × 12 syllablesa tuṭṭhubha line with one more syllable; the two are often mixed in one verse
vetālīyalines of 14 + 16 mattācounted in morae, with the cadence – ⏑ – ⏑ –
opacchandasakalines of 16 + 18 mattālike vetālīya, cadence – ⏑ – ⏑ – –
mattāchandasmetres counted in mattāvetālīya, opacchandasaka and the old gīti/āryā forms

Dhammapada 1 (siloka): manopubbaṅgamā dhammā / manoseṭṭhā manomayā / manasā ce paduṭṭhena / bhāsati vā karoti vā: “Mind precedes things; mind is their chief, they are mind-made; if one speaks or acts with a corrupted mind …”

Literary devices in the canon

repetition, peyyāla… pe …repeated passages are written once and abbreviated with pe(yyāla), “and so on”
stock formulasevaṃ me sutaṃ. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā …“Thus have I heard. At one time the Blessed One …”
numerical listscattāri ariyasaccānithe Aṅguttara Nikāya is arranged by number (ones to elevens); mātikā are the Abhidhamma’s lists of headings
similes (upamā)seyyathāpi … evam eva“just as … even so”, e.g. the raft (kullūpama, MN 22)
verse and prose (geyya)prose then summarising versesgeyya is one of the nine kinds (aṅga) of the Teacher’s word
dialogue, questionstaṃ kiṃ maññatha bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā ti? aniccaṃ bhanteteaching by question and answer (SN 22.59)
refrainseko care khaggavisāṇakappo“let one wander alone like the rhinoceros horn” ends each verse of Sn 35–75
chiasmus, ring structurena hi verena verāni sammantīdha kudācanaṃ / averena ca sammantimirrored order (Dhp 5); many suttas end by returning to their opening
word-playlujjatī ti kho bhikkhu, tasmā loko ti vuccati“it crumbles (lujjati), so it is called the world (loka)” (SN 35.82)
epithetsbhagavā, tathāgata, sugataand the ‘iti pi so’ list: arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno …
framing storiespaccuppannavatthu · atītavatthu · samodhānaa Jātaka’s present story frames the past story, then identifies the characters; Vinaya rules each have an origin story
uddānaa mnemonic verse after each vaggalists a key word from each sutta so the chapter can be recited from memory

Sources: A. K. Warder, Introduction to Pali (Pali Text Society, 3rd ed. 2001) and Pali Metre (PTS, 1967); W. Geiger, Pāli Literatur und Sprache (1916), rev. K. R. Norman as A Pāli Grammar (PTS, 1994); K. R. Norman, Pāli Literature (1983) and his papers on Pāli metre.

Pali Dictionary

चिन्तेति

cinteti

Say it: cin·te·ti

Sanskrit equivalent

cetati

Meaning

Cinteti & ceteti

Forms

  1. cint:
    pres cinteti
    pot cinteyya;
    ppr cintento & cintayanto (Snp verse 834)
    aor cintesi, 3rd pl. cintesuṁ (Ja.i.149), acintayuṁ (Snp verse 258)
    ger cintetvā (Ja.i.279) & cintiya (Mhvs.vii.17, Mhvs.vii.32)
    grd cinteyya & cintetabba;
    pp cintita (q.v.). Cp. also cintana, cintin
  2. cet:
    pres ceteti & cetayati (SN.i.121),
    pot cetaye (Pv.21:7 cinteyya Pv-a.116);
    ppr cetayāna (verse 339);
    fut cetessati (Vin.iii.19)
    aor acetayi (Pv.6:6 = cetesi Pv-a.34)
    ger cecca (Vin.iii.112; Vin.iv.290); also cicca see sañ˚
    grd cetabba (for *cetetabba only at Ja.iv.157, variant reading ceteyya, expl. by cintetabba)
    pp cetayita (q.v.). Cp. also cetanā.

Note. The relation in the use of the two forms is that cet is the older & less understood form, since it is usually expld by cint, whereas cint is never explained by cet & therefore appears to be the more frequent & familiar form.

Meaning

  1. (intr.) to think, to reflect, to be of opinion, Grouped with (phuṭṭho) vedeti, ceteti, sañjānāti he has the feeling, the awareness (of the feeling) the consciousness SN.iv.68. Its seat is freq. mentioned with manasā (in the heart), viz. manasā diṭṭhigatāni cintayanto Snp verse 834; na pāpaṁ manasā pi cetaye Pv.21:7; Ja.i.279; Pv-a.13 (he thought it over), ib. (evaṁ c you think so); Sdhp.289 (īdisaṁ c. id.) Mhvs.vii.18, Mhvs.vii.32; Mil.233 (cintayati), Mil.406 (cintayitabba)
    ■ Prohibitive mā cintayi don’t think about it, don’t worry, don’t be afraid, never mind Ja.i.50, Ja.i.292, Ja.i.424; Ja.iii.289; Ja.vi.176 pl. mā cintayittha Ja.i.457; Ja.iv.414; Ja.vi.344; Vism.426; Dhp-a.i.12; Dhp-a.iii.196; also mā cintesi Ja.iii.535
  2. (with acc.) to ponder, think over, imagine, think out, design scheme, intend, plan. In this sense grouped with (ceteti) pakappeti anuseti to intend, to start to perform, to carry out SN.ii.65. maraṇaṁ ākankhati cetayati (ponders over) SN.i.121; acinteyyāni na cintetabbāni AN.ii.80; cetabba-rūpa (a fit object of thought, a good thought) Ja.iv.157 (= cintetabba); loka-cintaṁ c SN.v.447; ajjhattarūpe, etc. ceteti Vin.iii.113; mangalāni acintayuṁ Snp verse 258; diṭṭhigatāni cintayanto Snp verse 834 kiṁ cintesi Ja.i.221; sokavinayan’-upāyaṁ c. to devise a means of dispelling the grief Pv-a.39
    ■ Esp. with pāpaṁ & pāpakaṁ to intend evil, to have ill-will against (c. dat.): mā pāpakaṁ akusalaṁ cittaṁ cinteyyātha SN.v.418; na p. cetaye manasā pi Pv.21:7 (= cinteyya piheyya Pv-a.116); p. na cintetabba Pv-a.114; tassā p. acetayi Pv.6:6 (= cetesi Pv-a.34); kiṁ amhākaṁ cintesi what do you intend against us? Ja.i.211
  3. (with dat.) (restricted to ceteti) to set one’s heart on, to think upon, strive after, desire: āgatipunabbhavāya c. to desire a future rebirth SN.iv.201; vimokkhāya c to strive after emancipation SN.iii.121; attavyābadhāya c. MN.iii.23 = AN.i.157 = SN.iv.339; pabbajjāya c. Iti.75 rakkhāya me tvaṁ vihito… udāhu me cetayase vadhāya Ja.iii.146-acinteyya that which must not or cannot be thought AN.ii.80 (cattāri ˚āni four reflections to be avoided); Vv-a.323 (a. buddhânubhāva unimaginable majesty of a B.).

Sk. cetati to appear, perceive, & cintayati to think, cit (see citta2) in two forms: (a) Act, base with nasal infix cint (cp. muñc, yuñj, siñc, etc.); (b) Med base (denom.) with guṇa cet (cp. moc, yoj, sec, etc & the analogous formations of; chid, chind, ched under chindati) to *(s)qait: see citta1, with which further cp caksu, cikita, ciketi, cikitsati, & in meaning passati (he sees = he knows), Gr.; οἰδα = vidi, E. view = thought Ger. anschauung

Pali Text Society Pali–English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25). Source