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Verses of the Senior Monks 257 थेरगाथा 257

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Pārāpariyattheragāthā

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

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1. 1

   थेरगाथाthe·ra·gā·thā 16।10

   Theragāthā 16.10

   Verses of the Senior Monks 16.10

2. 2

   वीसतिनिपातvī·sa·ti·ni·pā·ta

   Vīsatinipāta

   The Book of the Twenties

3. 3

   पठमवग्गpa·ṭha·ma·vag·ga

   Paṭhamavagga

   Chapter One

4. 4

   पारापरियत्थेरगाथाpā·rā·pa·ri·yat·the·ra·gā·thā

   Pārāpariyattheragāthā

   Pārāsariya (3rd)

5. 5

   समणस्सsa·ma·ṇas·sa अहुa·hu चिन्ता,cin·tā

   Samaṇassa ahu cintā,

   This thought came to the ascetic

6. 6

   पुप्फितम्हिpup·phi·tam·hi महावने;ma·hā·va·ne

   pupphitamhi mahāvane;

   in the forest full of flowers,

7. 7

   एकग्गस्सe·kag·gas·sa निसिन्नस्स,ni·sin·nas·sa

   Ekaggassa nisinnassa,

   as he was seated alone

8. 8

   पविवित्तस्सpa·vi·vit·tas·sa झायिनो।jhā·yi·no

   pavivittassa jhāyino.

   meditating in seclusion:

9. 9

   “अञ्ञथाañ·ña·thā लोकनाथम्हि,lo·ka·nā·tham·hi

   “Aññathā lokanāthamhi,

   “The behavior of the mendicants

10. 10

    तिट्ठन्तेtiṭ·ṭhan·te पुरिसुत्तमे;pu·ri·sut·ta·me

    tiṭṭhante purisuttame;

    these days seems different

11. 11

    इरियंi·ri·yaṃ आसिā·si भिक्खूनं,bhik·khū·naṃ

    Iriyaṁ āsi bhikkhūnaṁ,

    from when the protector of the world,

12. 12

    अञ्ञथाañ·ña·thā दानिdā·ni दिस्सति।dis·sa·ti

    aññathā dāni dissati.

    the best of men, was still here.

13. 13

    सीतवातपरित्ताणं,sī·ta·vā·ta·pa·rit·tā·ṇaṃ

    Sītavātaparittāṇaṁ,

    Their robes were only for covering the private parts,

14. 14

    हिरिकोपीनछादनं;hi·ri·ko·pī·na·chā·da·naṃ

    hirikopīnachādanaṁ;

    and protection from the cold and wind.

15. 15

    मत्तट्ठियंmat·taṭ·ṭhi·yaṃ अभुञ्जिंसु,a·bhuñ·jiṃ·su

    Mattaṭṭhiyaṁ abhuñjiṁsu,

    They ate in moderation,

16. 16

    सन्तुट्ठाsan·tuṭ·ṭhā इतरीतरे।i·ta·rī·ta·re

    santuṭṭhā itarītare.

    content with whatever they were offered.

17. 17

    पणीतंpa·ṇī·taṃ यदिya·di वाvā लूखं,lū·khaṃ

    Paṇītaṁ yadi vā lūkhaṁ,

    Whether food was fine or coarse,

18. 18

    अप्पंap·paṃ वाvā यदिya·di वाvā बहुं;ba·huṃ

    appaṁ vā yadi vā bahuṁ;

    a little or a lot,

19. 19

    यापनत्थंyā·pa·nat·thaṃ अभुञ्जिंसु,a·bhuñ·jiṃ·su

    Yāpanatthaṁ abhuñjiṁsu,

    they ate only for sustenance,

20. 20

    अगिद्धाa·gid·dhā नाधिमुच्छिता।nā·dhi·muc·chi·tā

    agiddhā nādhimucchitā.

    without greed or gluttony.

21. 21

    जीवितानंjī·vi·tā·naṃ परिक्खारे,pa·rik·khā·re

    Jīvitānaṁ parikkhāre,

    They weren’t so very eager

22. 22

    भेसज्जेbhe·saj·je अथa·tha पच्चये;pac·ca·ye

    bhesajje atha paccaye;

    for the requisites of life,

23. 23

    नna बाळ्हंbā·ḷhaṃ उस्सुकाus·su·kā आसुं,ā·suṃ

    Na bāḷhaṁ ussukā āsuṁ,

    such as tonics and other necessities,

24. 24

    यथाya·thā तेte आसवक्खये।ā·sa·vak·kha·ye

    yathā te āsavakkhaye.

    as they were for the ending of defilements.

25. 25

    अरञ्ञेa·rañ·ñe रुक्खमूलेसु,ruk·kha·mū·le·su

    Araññe rukkhamūlesu,

    In the wilderness, at a tree’s root,

26. 26

    कन्दरासुkan·da·rā·su गुहासुgu·hā·su च;ca

    kandarāsu guhāsu ca;

    in caves and caverns,

27. 27

    विवेकमनुब्रूहन्ता,vi·ve·ka·ma·nub·rū·han·tā

    Vivekamanubrūhantā,

    fostering seclusion,

28. 28

    विहंसुvi·haṃ·su तप्परायणा।tap·pa·rā·ya·ṇā

    vihaṁsu tapparāyaṇā.

    they lived with that as their final goal.

29. 29

    नीचाnī·cā निविट्ठाni·viṭ·ṭhā सुभरा,su·bha·rā

    Nīcā niviṭṭhā subharā,

    They were used to simple things, unburdensome,

30. 30

    मुदूmu·dū अत्थद्धमानसा;at·thad·dha·mā·na·sā

    mudū atthaddhamānasā;

    gentle, not pompous at heart,

31. 31

    अब्यासेकाab·yā·se·kā अमुखरा,a·mu·kha·rā

    Abyāsekā amukharā,

    unsullied, not scurrilous,

32. 32

    अत्थचिन्ताat·tha·cin·tā वसानुगा।va·sā·nu·gā

    atthacintā vasānugā.

    their thoughts were intent on the goal.

33. 33

    ततोta·to पासादिकंpā·sā·di·kaṃ आसि,ā·si

    Tato pāsādikaṁ āsi,

    That’s why they inspired confidence,

34. 34

    गतंga·taṃ भुत्तंbhut·taṃ निसेवितं;ni·se·vi·taṃ

    gataṁ bhuttaṁ nisevitaṁ;

    in their movements, eating, and practice;

35. 35

    सिनिद्धाsi·nid·dhā तेलधाराव,te·la·dhā·rā·va

    Siniddhā teladhārāva,

    their deportment was as smooth

36. 36

    अहोसिa·ho·si इरियापथो।i·ri·yā·pa·tho

    ahosi iriyāpatho.

    as a stream of oil.

37. 37

    सब्बासवपरिक्खीणा,sab·bā·sa·va·pa·rik·khī·ṇā

    Sabbāsavaparikkhīṇā,

    With the utter ending of all defilements,

38. 38

    महाझायीma·hā·jhā·yī महाहिता;ma·hā·hi·tā

    mahājhāyī mahāhitā;

    those senior monks have now been quenched.

39. 39

    निब्बुताnib·bu·tā दानिdā·ni तेte थेरा,the·rā

    Nibbutā dāni te therā,

    They were great meditators and great benefactors—

40. 40

    परित्ताpa·rit·tā दानिdā·ni तादिसा।tā·di·sā

    parittā dāni tādisā.

    there are few like them today.

41. 41

    कुसलानञ्चku·sa·lā·nañ·ca धम्मानं,dham·mā·naṃ

    Kusalānañca dhammānaṁ,

    With the ending

42. 42

    पञ्ञायpañ·ñā·ya चca परिक्खया;pa·rik·kha·yā

    paññāya ca parikkhayā;

    of good principles and understanding,

43. 43

    सब्बाकारवरूपेतं,sab·bā·kā·ra·va·rū·pe·taṃ

    Sabbākāravarūpetaṁ,

    the victor’s teaching,

44. 44

    लुज्जतेluj·ja·te जिनसासनं।ji·na·sā·sa·naṃ

    lujjate jinasāsanaṁ.

    full of all excellent qualities, falls apart.

45. 45

    पापकानञ्चpā·pa·kā·nañ·ca धम्मानं,dham·mā·naṃ

    Pāpakānañca dhammānaṁ,

    This is the season

46. 46

    किलेसानञ्चki·le·sā·nañ·ca योyo उतु;u·tu

    kilesānañca yo utu;

    for bad principles and defilements.

47. 47

    उपट्ठिताu·paṭ·ṭhi·tā विवेकाय,vi·ve·kā·ya

    Upaṭṭhitā vivekāya,

    Those who are ready for seclusion

48. 48

    येye चca सद्धम्मसेसका।sad·dham·ma·se·sa·kā

    ye ca saddhammasesakā.

    are all that’s left of the true Dhamma.

49. 49

    तेte किलेसाki·le·sā पवड्ढन्ता,pa·vaḍ·ḍhan·tā

    Te kilesā pavaḍḍhantā,

    As they grow, the defilements

50. 50

    आविसन्तिā·vi·san·ti बहुंba·huṃ जनं;ja·naṃ

    āvisanti bahuṁ janaṁ;

    possess most people;

51. 51

    कीळन्तिkī·ḷan·ti मञ्ञेmañ·ñe बालेहि,bā·le·hi

    Kīḷanti maññe bālehi,

    they play with fools, it seems to me,

52. 52

    उम्मत्तेहिवum·mat·te·hi·va रक्खसा।rak·kha·sā

    ummattehiva rakkhasā.

    like monsters with the mad.

53. 53

    किलेसेहाभिभूताki·le·se·hā·bhi·bhū·tā ते,te

    Kilesehābhibhūtā te,

    Overcome by defilements,

54. 54

    तेनte·na तेनte·na विधाविता;vi·dhā·vi·tā

    tena tena vidhāvitā;

    they run here and there

55. 55

    नराna·rā किलेसवत्थूसु,ki·le·sa·vat·thū·su

    Narā kilesavatthūsu,

    among the bases for defilement,

56. 56

    ससङ्गामेवsa·saṅ·gā·me·va घोसिते।gho·si·te

    sasaṅgāmeva ghosite.

    as if they had declared war on themselves.

57. 57

    परिच्चजित्वाpa·ric·ca·jit·vā सद्धम्मं,sad·dham·maṃ

    Pariccajitvā saddhammaṁ,

    Having forsaken the true teaching,

58. 58

    अञ्ञमञ्ञेहिañ·ña·mañ·ñe·hi भण्डरे;bhaṇ·ḍa·re

    aññamaññehi bhaṇḍare;

    they argue with each other.

59. 59

    दिट्ठिगतानिdiṭ·ṭhi·ga·tā·ni अन्वेन्ता,an·ven·tā

    Diṭṭhigatāni anventā,

    Following wrong views

60. 60

    इदंi·daṃ सेय्योतिsey·yo·ti मञ्ञरे।mañ·ña·re

    idaṁ seyyoti maññare.

    they think, ‘This is better.’

61. 61

    धनञ्चdha·nañ·ca पुत्तंput·taṃ भरियञ्च,bha·ri·yañ·ca

    Dhanañca puttaṁ bhariyañca,

    They cut off their wealth,

62. 62

    छड्डयित्वानchaḍ·ḍa·yit·vā·na निग्गता;nig·ga·tā

    chaḍḍayitvāna niggatā;

    children, and wife to go forth.

63. 63

    कटच्छुभिक्खहेतूपि,ka·ṭac·chu·bhik·kha·he·tū·pi

    Kaṭacchubhikkhahetūpi,

    But then they do what they shouldn’t,

64. 64

    अकिच्छानिa·kic·chā·ni निसेवरे।ni·se·va·re

    akicchāni nisevare.

    for the sake of a measly spoon of almsfood.

65. 65

    उदरावदेहकंu·da·rā·va·de·ha·kaṃ भुत्वा,bhut·vā

    Udarāvadehakaṁ bhutvā,

    They eat until their bellies are full,

66. 66

    सयन्तुत्तानसेय्यका;sa·yan·tut·tā·na·sey·ya·kā

    sayantuttānaseyyakā;

    and then they lie to sleep on their backs.

67. 67

    कथंka·thaṃ वत्तेन्तिvat·ten·ti पटिबुद्धा,pa·ṭi·bud·dhā

    Kathaṁ vattenti paṭibuddhā,

    When they wake up, they keep on chatting,

68. 68

    याyā कथाka·thā सत्थुगरहिता।sat·thu·ga·ra·hi·tā

    yā kathā satthugarahitā.

    the kind of talk the Teacher criticized.

69. 69

    सब्बकारुकसिप्पानि,sab·ba·kā·ru·ka·sip·pā·ni

    Sabbakārukasippāni,

    Valuing all the arts and crafts,

70. 70

    चित्तिंcit·tiṃ कत्वानkat·vā·na सिक्खरे;sik·kha·re

    cittiṁ katvāna sikkhare;

    they train themselves in them.

71. 71

    अवूपसन्ताa·vū·pa·san·tā अज्झत्तं,aj·jhat·taṃ

    Avūpasantā ajjhattaṁ,

    Not being settled internally, they think,

72. 72

    सामञ्ञत्थोतिअच्छति।sā·mañ·ñat·tho·ti·ac·cha·ti

    sāmaññatthotiacchati.

    ‘This is the goal of the ascetic life.’

73. 73

    मत्तिकंmat·ti·kaṃ तेलचुण्णञ्च,te·la·cuṇ·ṇañ·ca

    Mattikaṁ telacuṇṇañca,

    They provide clay, oil, and talcum powder,

74. 74

    उदकासनभोजनं;u·da·kā·sa·na·bho·ja·naṃ

    udakāsanabhojanaṁ;

    water, lodgings, and food

75. 75

    गिहीनंgi·hī·naṃ उपनामेन्ति,u·pa·nā·men·ti

    Gihīnaṁ upanāmenti,

    for householders,

76. 76

    आकङ्खन्ताā·kaṅ·khan·tā बहुत्तरं।ba·hut·ta·raṃ

    ākaṅkhantā bahuttaraṁ.

    expecting more in return.

77. 77

    दन्तपोनंdan·ta·po·naṃ कपित्थञ्च,ka·pit·thañ·ca

    Dantaponaṁ kapitthañca,

    And in addition, tooth-picks of white fig,

78. 78

    पुप्फंpup·phaṃ खादनियानिkhā·da·ni·yā·ni च;ca

    pupphaṁ khādaniyāni ca;

    flowers, food to eat,

79. 79

    पिण्डपातेpiṇ·ḍa·pā·te चca सम्पन्ने,sam·pan·ne

    Piṇḍapāte ca sampanne,

    well-cooked almsfood,

80. 80

    अम्बेam·be आमलकानिā·ma·la·kā·ni च।ca

    ambe āmalakāni ca.

    mangoes and myrobalans.

81. 81

    भेसज्जेसुbhe·saj·je·su यथाya·thā वेज्जा,vej·jā

    Bhesajjesu yathā vejjā,

    In medicine they are like doctors,

82. 82

    किच्चाकिच्चेkic·cā·kic·ce यथाya·thā गिही;gi·hī

    kiccākicce yathā gihī;

    in business like householders,

83. 83

    गणिकावga·ṇi·kā·va विभूसायं,vi·bhū·sā·yaṃ

    Gaṇikāva vibhūsāyaṁ,

    in makeup like prostitutes,

84. 84

    इस्सरेis·sa·re खत्तियाkhat·ti·yā यथा।ya·thā

    issare khattiyā yathā.

    in sovereignty like aristocrats.

85. 85

    नेकतिकाne·ka·ti·kā वञ्चनिका,vañ·ca·ni·kā

    Nekatikā vañcanikā,

    Cheats, frauds,

86. 86

    कूटसक्खीkū·ṭa·sak·khī अपाटुका;a·pā·ṭu·kā

    kūṭasakkhī apāṭukā;

    false witnesses, sly:

87. 87

    बहूहिba·hū·hi परिकप्पेहि,pa·ri·kap·pe·hi

    Bahūhi parikappehi,

    using multiple plans,

88. 88

    आमिसंā·mi·saṃ परिभुञ्जरे।pa·ri·bhuñ·ja·re

    āmisaṁ paribhuñjare.

    they enjoy things of the flesh.

89. 89

    लेसकप्पेle·sa·kap·pe परियाये,pa·ri·yā·ye

    Lesakappe pariyāye,

    Pursuing shams, contrivances, and plans,

90. 90

    परिकप्पेनुधाविता;pa·ri·kap·pe·nu·dhā·vi·tā

    parikappenudhāvitā;

    by such means

91. 91

    जीविकत्थाjī·vi·kat·thā उपायेन,u·pā·ye·na

    Jīvikatthā upāyena,

    they accumulate a lot of wealth

92. 92

    सङ्कड्ढन्तिsaṅ·kaḍ·ḍhan·ti बहुंba·huṃ धनं।dha·naṃ

    saṅkaḍḍhanti bahuṁ dhanaṁ.

    for the sake of their own livelihood.

93. 93

    उपट्ठापेन्तिu·paṭ·ṭhā·pen·ti परिसं,pa·ri·saṃ

    Upaṭṭhāpenti parisaṁ,

    They assemble the community

94. 94

    कम्मतोkam·ma·to नोno चca धम्मतो;dham·ma·to

    kammato no ca dhammato;

    for business rather than Dhamma.

95. 95

    धम्मंdham·maṃ परेसंpa·re·saṃ देसेन्ति,de·sen·ti

    Dhammaṁ paresaṁ desenti,

    They teach the Dhamma to others

96. 96

    लाभतोlā·bha·to नोno चca अत्थतो।at·tha·to

    lābhato no ca atthato.

    for gain, not for the goal.

97. 97

    सङ्घलाभस्सsaṅ·gha·lā·bhas·sa भण्डन्ति,bhaṇ·ḍan·ti

    Saṅghalābhassa bhaṇḍanti,

    Those barred from the Saṅgha

98. 98

    सङ्घतोsaṅ·gha·to परिबाहिरा;pa·ri·bā·hi·rā

    saṅghato paribāhirā;

    quarrel over the Saṅgha’s property.

99. 99

    परलाभोपजीवन्ता,pa·ra·lā·bho·pa·jī·van·tā

    Paralābhopajīvantā,

    Lacking conscience, they do not care

100. 100

     अहिरीकाa·hi·rī·kā नna लज्जरे।laj·ja·re

     ahirīkā na lajjare.

     that they live on the earnings of others.

101. 101

     नानुयुत्ताnā·nu·yut·tā तथाta·thā एके,e·ke

     Nānuyuttā tathā eke,

     Some with shaven head and robe

102. 102

     मुण्डाmuṇ·ḍā सङ्घाटिपारुता;saṅ·ghā·ṭi·pā·ru·tā

     muṇḍā saṅghāṭipārutā;

     are not devoted to practice,

103. 103

     सम्भावनंयेविच्छन्ति,sam·bhā·va·naṃ·ye·vic·chan·ti

     Sambhāvanaṁyevicchanti,

     but wish only to be honored,

104. 104

     लाभसक्कारमुच्छिता।lā·bha·sak·kā·ra·muc·chi·tā

     lābhasakkāramucchitā.

     besotted with property and reverence.

105. 105

     एवंe·vaṃ नानप्पयातम्हि,nā·nap·pa·yā·tam·hi

     Evaṁ nānappayātamhi,

     When things have come to this,

106. 106

     नna दानिdā·ni सुकरंsu·ka·raṃ तथा;ta·thā

     na dāni sukaraṁ tathā;

     it’s not easy these days

107. 107

     अफुसितंa·phu·si·taṃ वाvā फुसितुं,phu·si·tuṃ

     Aphusitaṁ vā phusituṁ,

     to realize what has not yet been realized,

108. 108

     फुसितंphu·si·taṃ वानुरक्खितुं।vā·nu·rak·khi·tuṃ

     phusitaṁ vānurakkhituṁ.

     or to preserve what has been realized.

109. 109

     यथाya·thā कण्टकट्ठानम्हि,kaṇ·ṭa·kaṭ·ṭhā·nam·hi

     Yathā kaṇṭakaṭṭhānamhi,

     When shoeless on a thorny path,

110. 110

     चरेय्यca·rey·ya अनुपाहनो;a·nu·pā·ha·no

     careyya anupāhano;

     one would walk

111. 111

     सतिंsa·tiṃ उपट्ठपेत्वान,u·paṭ·ṭha·pet·vā·na

     Satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvāna,

     very mindfully;

112. 112

     एवंe·vaṃ गामेgā·me मुनीmu·nī चरे।ca·re

     evaṁ gāme munī care.

     that’s how a sage should walk in the village.

113. 113

     सरित्वाsa·rit·vā पुब्बकेpub·ba·ke योगी,yo·gī

     Saritvā pubbake yogī,

     Remembering the meditators of old,

114. 114

     तेसंte·saṃ वत्तमनुस्सरं;vat·ta·ma·nus·sa·raṃ

     tesaṁ vattamanussaraṁ;

     and recollecting their conduct,

115. 115

     किञ्चापिkiñ·cā·pi पच्छिमोpac·chi·mo कालो,kā·lo

     Kiñcāpi pacchimo kālo,

     even in the latter days,

116. 116

     फुसेय्यphu·sey·ya अमतंa·ma·taṃ पदं।pa·daṃ

     phuseyya amataṁ padaṁ.

     it’s still possible to realize freedom from death.”

117. 117

     इदंi·daṃ वत्वाvat·vā सालवने,sā·la·va·ne

     Idaṁ vatvā sālavane,

     That is what the ascetic, whose faculties

118. 118

     समणोsa·ma·ṇo भावितिन्द्रियो;bhā·vi·tin·dri·yo

     samaṇo bhāvitindriyo;

     were fully developed, said in the sāl tree grove.

119. 119

     ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo परिनिब्बायी,pa·ri·nib·bā·yī

     Brāhmaṇo parinibbāyī,

     The brahmin, the seer, became fully extinguished,

120. 120

     इसिi·si खीणपुनब्भवो”ति।khī·ṇa·pu·nab·bha·vo

     isi khīṇapunabbhavo”ti.

     putting an end to all future lives.

121. 121

     … पारापरियोpā·rā·pa·ri·yo थेरोthe·ro …

     … Pārāpariyo thero …

     (Pāli only)

122. 122

     वीसतिनिपातोvī·sa·ti·ni·pā·to निट्ठितो।niṭ·ṭhi·to

     Vīsatinipāto niṭṭhito.

     (Pāli only)

123. 123

     तत्रुद्दानंtat·rud·dā·naṃ

     Tatruddānaṁ

     (Pāli only)

124. 124

     अधिमुत्तोa·dhi·mut·to पारापरियो,pā·rā·pa·ri·yo

     Adhimutto pārāpariyo,

     (Pāli only)

125. 125

     तेलकानिte·la·kā·ni रट्ठपालो;raṭ·ṭha·pā·lo

     telakāni raṭṭhapālo;

     (Pāli only)

126. 126

     मालुक्यसेलोmā·luk·ya·se·lo भद्दियो,bhad·di·yo

     Mālukyaselo bhaddiyo,

     (Pāli only)

127. 127

     अङ्गुलिaṅ·gu·li दिब्बचक्खुको;dib·ba·cak·khu·ko

     aṅguli dibbacakkhuko;

     (Pāli only)

128. 128

     पारापरियोpā·rā·pa·ri·yo दसेते,da·se·te

     Pārāpariyo dasete,

     (Pāli only)

129. 129

     वीसम्हिvī·sam·hi परिकित्तिता;pa·ri·kit·ti·tā

     vīsamhi parikittitā;

     (Pāli only)

130. 130

     गाथायोgā·thā·yo द्वेdve सताsa·tā होन्ति,hon·ti

     Gāthāyo dve satā honti,

     (Pāli only)

131. 131

     पञ्चतालीसpañ·ca·tā·lī·sa उत्तरिन्ति।ut·ta·rin·ti

     pañcatālīsa uttarinti.

     (Pāli only)

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.