Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

cram

/kɹæm/ verb, noun, proper noun

Forms crams cramming crammed

  1. verb (transitive) To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to fill to superfluity. “to cram fruit into a basket; to cram a room with people”
  2. verb (transitive) To fill with food to satiety; to stuff. “The boy crammed himself with cake”
  3. verb (transitive) To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination. “A pupil is crammed by his tutor.”
  4. verb (intransitive) To study hard; to swot.
  5. verb (intransitive) To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff oneself.
  6. verb (intransitive, dated, British slang) To lie; to intentionally not tell the truth.
  7. verb (transitive, dated, British slang) To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales.
  8. noun The act of cramming (forcing or stuffing something).
  9. noun (slang, dated) Information hastily memorized. “a cram from an examination”
  10. noun (weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.
  11. noun (dated, British slang) A lie; a falsehood.
  12. noun (uncountable) A mathematical board game in which players take turns placing dominoes horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue.
  13. noun A small friendship book with limited space for people to enter their information.
  14. proper noun A surname.

Synonyms

alternative fact anti-fact invention bluff bollocks bullshit canard cap chin clanker contradiction disinformation fabrication falsehood falsification fib flam goof hoax hummer jam jampack ram chock up wad grind away drum bone up swot get up

Etymology

From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”). Compare Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”), Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”).

Webster’s 1913

  1. verb To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrustung one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as, to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people.
  2. verb To fill with food to satiety; to stuff.
  3. verb To eat greedly, and to satiety; to stuff.
  4. verb To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study.

Etymology [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremia to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “cram”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details