Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

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per se

UK /pəˈseɪ/ · US /pɚˈseɪ/ adverb, adjective

  1. adverb Without determination by or involvement of extraneous factors; by its very nature. “Some people say that a hangover is caused by impurities in the drink, not by the alcohol per se.”
  2. adverb (nonstandard, more loosely, chiefly in the negative) In a true or literal sense; as one would expect from the name or description. “It's not a museum per se, but they do have some interesting artefacts.”
  3. adverb (philosophy) As the principle of its own determination and positing itself.
  4. adverb (law) Not leaving discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute. “The law makes drunk driving illegal per se.”
  5. adjective (philosophy) Positing itself and being a principle of its own determination.
  6. adjective (law) That does not leave discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute.

Synonyms

by itself in itself in and of itself as such sui generis by definition by nature essentially in essence ipso facto intrinsically inherently innately naturally exactly strictly speaking sensu stricto stricto sensu truly

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”), from per (“by, through”) and sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).

Sources: Wiktionary — from the Wiktionary entry “per se”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details