Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

retrograde

UK /ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/ · US /ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/ adjective, adverb, noun, verb

Forms retrogrades retrograding retrograded

  1. adjective Directed or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel; retreating.
  2. adjective Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.
  3. adjective (zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime.
  4. adjective Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.
  5. adjective (music) Having a passage of music played backwards.
  6. adjective Of ideas or a person: opposing social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; conservative. “retrograde ideas, morals, etc.”
  7. adjective Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel.
  8. adjective Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary.
  9. adverb In a reverse direction; backwards.
  10. noun A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.
  11. noun (astrology) The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement.
  12. noun One who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; a conservative.
  13. noun (archaic) One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade.
  14. noun (music) The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first.
  15. verb (geography) To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion.
  16. verb (geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature.
  17. verb (obsolete) To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state.
  18. verb To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress.
  19. verb (astrology, astronomy) Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement.
  20. verb (geography) Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion.

Synonyms

reactionary traditionalist backward retrogradely mossback mossyback retreat rehash hash over regress retrogress retrogressive retral

Antonyms

liberal progressist reformist direct prograde anterograde

Etymology

The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).

Webster’s 1913

  1. adjective Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet. Hutton.
  2. adjective Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; --opposed to Ant: progressive. "Progressive and not retrograde." Bacon.
  3. verb To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet.
  4. verb Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.

Etymology [L. retrogradus, from retrogradi, retrogressus, to retrograde; retro back + gradi to step: cf. F. rétrograde. See Grade.]

Etymology [L. retrogradare, retrogradi: cf. F. rétrograder.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “retrograde”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details

Sanskrit

Sanskrit dictionary entries whose meaning includes “retrograde” (best matches first).