Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 199 of 554
- जुह्वत् juhvatsacrificing, offering oblations.
- जू1 jū(or according to the Dhātu-pāṭha ju), cl. 1. P. A., 9. P. javati, -te, junāti, etc., to…
- जुवस् juvasquickness, speed, liveliness.
- जू2 jūquick, speedy; (according to Sāy. jūḥ may also be the Nom. c. of jur, old); inciting…
- जूत jūtamoved quickly, impelled, urged, pressed, (at the end of comp. in adri-jūta, indra-j˚…
- जूति jūtigoing on, proceeding, moving; quickness, speed, velocity; flowing without obstruction or…
- जूक jūkathe sign of the zodiac Libra.
- जूट jūṭathe matted hair of Śiva, the twisted or clotted hair of an ascetic;
- जूटक jūṭakatwisted or braided hair;
- जूतिका jūtikāa kind of camphor.
- जूमरनन्दिन् jūmara-nandinname of the author of a commentary on the grammar entitled Saṅkṣipta-sāra.
- जूर् jūrjūryate, etc., to hurt, injure, wound, kill; to be angry with (with dat.); to grow old…
- जूर्ण jūrṇaSee rt. 1. jur, p. 349.
- जूर्णि1 jūrṇiskilfully praising, invoking.
- जूर्व् jūrvjūrvati, etc., to consume by heat, singe, burn; to hurt, kill;
- जूर्णि2 jūrṇiglowing fire, a blaze, a fiery weapon; anger; speed; fever; disease, sickness; the body…
- जूर्णिन् jūrṇinsurrounded by glowing fire, glowing.
- जूर्ति jūrtifever; feverish or morbid heat;
- जूष् jūṣ(a various reading for yūṣ), cl. 1. P. jūṣati, etc., to kill, hurt.
- जूष jūṣathe water of boiled pulse, peasesoup, porridge, etc.
- जूषण jūṣaṇathe plant Grislea Tomentosa, commonly Dhäiphula.
- जृ jṛjarati, etc., to surpass, excel; make low, depress, humiliate;
- जृङ्गि jṛṅgior jṛṅgin, iṇas, m. pl., name of a particular race or people.
- जृभ् jṛbhor jṛmbh, cl. 1. A. (poet. also P.) jṛmbhate, -ti, or jarbhate, jajṛmbhe, jṛmbhiṣyate…
- जृम्भ jṛmbhagaping, yawning; bursting open; blossoming, swelling, blowing, being puffed up…
- जृम्भक jṛmbhakaa yawner, a sort of demon or spirit; name of certain magical formularies for exorcising…
- जृम्भण jṛmbhaṇacausing to gape or yawn; (am), n. gaping, yawning; stretching the limbs; bursting or…
- जृम्भमाण jṛmbhamāṇagaping, yawning; opening, blossoming, blowing.
- जृम्भित jṛmbhitaopened, expanded; opened (as a flower), blown; enlarged, increased; done, exerted; (am)…
- जृम्भिन् jṛmbhinyawning, gaping; expanding, blossoming; (iṇī), f. the plant Mimosa Octandra, = elāparṇī.
- जॄ1 jṝjīryati, jṛṇāti, jara-ti, jajāra, jariṣyati and jarīṣyati, ajārīt and ajarat, jaritum and…
- जर jaraetc. See p. 340.
- जार jārabecoming old; (as), m. a paramour, gallant, lover, (in the Veda applied to Agni or to the…
- जारक jārakacausing to decay; promoting digestion, digestive.
- जारण jāraṇathe act of causing to decay; promoting digestion; calcining or oxidizing metals; a…
- जारतिनेय jāratineyaa metronymic from Jaratī; a patronymic from Jaratin.
- जारत्कारव jāratkāravaa patronymic from Jaratkāru.
- जारद्गव jāradgavascil. vīthi, the path of the old ox, (according to Varāhamihira the portion of the moon's…
- जारमाण्य jāramāṇyaa patronymic from Jaramāṇa.
- जारासन्धि jārāsandhia patronymic of Saha-deva.
- जारिणी jāriṇīa woman who has a paramour, enamoured.
- जारुज jāruja= jarāyu-ja
- जीर्ण jīrṇaold, ancient; worn out, wasted, withered, decayed, ruined, in ruins; digested; (as), m…
- जीर्णक jīrṇakaalmost dried up or withered.
- जीर्णि jīrṇidecrepit with age; (is), f. old age, infirmity, decay; digestion.
- जॄ2 jṝjarate, etc., to move, approach, come near.
- जॄ3 jṝjarate, to crackle (as fire); to roar; to call out to, address, invoke, praise.
- जरणा jaraṇāetc. See s.v.
- जेतव्य jetavyaSee p. 347, col. 1.
- जेतृ jetṛvictorious, triumphant; surpassing, excelling; gaining; (tā), m. a victor, conqueror…
- जेत्व jetvato be gained or conquered.
- जेमन् jemansurpassing, excelling; (ā), m. excellence.
- जेष jeṣawinning, gaining, obtaining.
- जेन्ताक jentākaa dry hot bath or heated chamber for inducing perspiration in rheumatism, etc.
- जेन्य jenyaof noble origin (γενναῖος); genuine, true.
- जेमन jemanaSee under rt. jim, p. 347.
- जेय jeyaSee p. 347, col. 1.
- जेलक jelakaname of a man.
- जेष् jeṣjeṣate, etc., to move, go.
- जेष jeṣaSee above.
- जेह् jeh(related to 1. jabh and jṛbh), cl. 1. A., Vedic jehate, jijehe, jehiṣyate, jehitum, to…
- जेहमान jehamānagaping, opening wide; (Sāy.) going towards.
- जै jaijāyati, jajau, jāsyati, jātum, to wane, decline, fade away, perish;
- जैगीषव्य jaigīṣavyaname of an ancient Ṛṣi often named in connection with Asita Devala.
- जैत्र jaitravictorious, triumphant, leading to victory, overcoming, surpassing, superior; (as), m. a…
- जैत्रायणि jaitrāyaṇia patronymic from Jaitra.
- जैन jainarelating to the Jinas; (as), m. a Jaina, a teacher of heterodox notions, the chief of…
- जैन्य jainyarelating to the Jainas (?).
- जैपाल jaipāla(= jaya-pāla), a plant, Croton Tiglium.
- जैमन्त jaimantaname of a man.
- जैमन्तायन jaimantāyanaa patronymic from Jaimanta.
- जैमिनि jaimininame of a celebrated saint and philosopher, the pupil of Vyāsa and founder of the Pūrva…
- जैमिनीय jaiminīyarelating to Jaimini; (ās), m. pl., name of a school of the Sāma-veda.
- जैमूत jaimūtarelating to Jīmūta.
- जैयट jaiyaṭaname of the father of Kaiyaṭa; (sometimes spelt jaigaṭa.)
- जैय्यट jaiyyaṭaname of a physician.
- जैव jaivarelating to Jupiter.
- जैवन्तायन jaivantāyanaor jaivantāyani, is, m. or jaivanti, is, m. a patronymic from Jīvanta.
- जैवलि jaivalia patronymic of Pravāhana.
- जैवातृक jaivātṛkalong-lived, one for whom long life is desired; thin, lean; (as), m. the moon; camphor (as…
- जैवि jaivior jaiveya, as, m. a patronymic from Jīva.
- जैष्णव jaiṣṇavarelating to a conqueror, relating to Arjuna.
- जैह्म्य jaihmyacrookedness (moral or physical), deceit, falsehood.
- जैह्व jaihvabelonging or relating to the tongue, lying on the tongue.
- जैह्वाकात jaihvākātaan adj. derived fr. jihvākātya.
- जैह्व्य jaihvyathe pleasure of taste, pleasure.
- जोगू jogūpraising.
- जोङ्ग joṅgaor joṅgaka, am, n. aloe wood, Agallochum.
- जोङ्गट joṅgaṭalonging, earnest wish, eager desire, the longing of a pregnant woman.
- जोटिङ्ग joṭiṅgaan epithet of Śiva; a devotee, an ascetic who subjects himself to the severest penances…
- जोड joḍathe chin;
- जोनराज jona-rājaname of the author of the Rāja-taraṅgiṇī.
- जोन्नाला jonnālā= yavanāla, the plant Andropogon Saccharatus; also jontālā.
- जोल jolaname of a mixed caste.
- जोष joṣasatisfaction, approval, pleasure, enjoyment, felicity, happiness; (joṣam ā, Vedic to…
- जोषण joṣaṇaliking; satisfaction, approval; choosing; (ā), f. the expression of satisfaction by the…
- जोषयितव्य joṣayitavyato be made dear or agreeable, to be reflected upon or thought about, obscure…
- जोषयितृ joṣayitṛor joṣṭṛ, ṭā, ṭrī, ṭṛ, loving, cherishing, fostering, taking care of; (Sāy.) serving.
- जोषस् joṣasin vi-joṣas, sa-joṣas, q.v.
- जोष्य joṣyadelightful, agreeable, welcome, satisfactory.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).