Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 297 of 554
- पुष्1 puṣ(various reading for vyuṣ, q.v.), cl. 4. P. puṣyati, etc., to divide, distribute.
- पुष्2 puṣpoṣati, pupoṣa, poṣiṣyati, apoṣīt, poṣitum, cl. 4. P. puṣyati, etc., to be nourished…
- पुष्3 puṣin viśva-p˚, q.v.
- पुष puṣanourishing (in graha-p˚, q.v.); (as), m., name of a teacher of the Veda; (ā), f. a…
- पुषर्य puṣaryawell-nourished, thriving.
- पुषित puṣitanourished, nurtured (= puṣṭa).
- पुष्क puṣkaa word formed for the explanation of puṣkala in Gaṇa to Pāṇ. V. 2, 97.
- पुष्कर puṣkaraa blue lotusflower; a lotus, Nelumbium Speciosum or Nymphæa Nelumbo, (in Mahā-bh…
- पुष्कराय puṣkarāyapuṣkarāyate, -yitum, to act as or represent a drum.
- पुष्करिका puṣkarikāa kind of disease, formation of abscesses on the penis; name of a woman.
- पुष्करिन् puṣkarinabounding in lotuses; (ī), m. an elephant; name of a prince; (iṇī), f. a female elephant…
- पुष्कल puṣkalamuch, many, abundant; full, filled, complete; rich, sumptuous, splendid, magnificent…
- पुष्कलक puṣkalakathe musk-deer; a post, wedge, pin, bolt; a Buddhist mendicant; (sometimes wrongly spelt…
- पुष्कलावत puṣkalāvataan inhabitant of Puṣkalāvatī.
- पुष्ट puṣṭanourished, cherished, fed, wellfed; thriving, strong; tended, cared for; incubated…
- पुष्टि puṣṭia well-nourished condition, fatness, plumpness; growth, increase, vegetation, advance…
- पुष्टिक puṣṭikaname of a poet; (ā), f. a bivalve shell, an oyster.
- पुष्प puṣpaa flower, blossom; the menstrual flux; a disease of the eyes, specks on the eye, albugo…
- पुष्पक puṣpakaa kind of serpent; name of a mountain; (ikā), f. the tartar of the teeth; the mucus of…
- पुष्पित puṣpitaflowered, in flower or blossom, full of flowers, bearing flowers, blooming, in bloom…
- पुष्पिन् puṣpinflowery, bearing flowers, flowering, blossoming; abounding in flowers; (iṇī), f. a woman…
- पुष्प्य puṣpyapuṣpyati, -te, etc., to bear flowers, flower, blossom, bloom.
- पुष्य puṣyathe blossom; the uppermost part, the foam or froth of a fluid, scum; (as), m. the…
- पुष्कर puṣkaraSee under rt. 2. puṣ, p. 587, cols. 1, 2.
- पुष्कलेत्र puṣkaletraname of a village.
- पुष्कश puṣkaśaand puṣkasa, various readings for pukkaśa, q.v.
- पुष्पलक puṣpalakaa post, pin, stake, peg, wedge;
- पुष्पस puṣpasathe lungs;
- पुष्पाणनाड puṣpāṇanāḍaname of a Grāma.
- पुष्यलक puṣyalakathe muskdeer; a post, pin, bolt, stake, peg, wedge; a naked mendicant;
- पुस् pusposayati, -yitum, to discharge, emit.
- पुस्त् pustpusta-yati, -yitum, to honour, respect; to disregard, to treat with disrespect; to bind…
- पुस्त pustafilled, covered (?); (am), n. smearing, anointing, plastering, painting; working in clay…
- पुस्तक pustaka(usually m. or n.), a manuscript, a book.
- पुस्फुस pusphusathe lungs (= pupphusa, phupphusa).
- पू1 pū1. A. punāti, punīte, pavate (in Bhagaved-gītā X. 31, P.), pupāva, pupuve, paviṣyati…
- पू2 pūcleansing, purifying, clarifying.
- पूत1 pūtamade clean or pure, purified, pure, cleaned, cleansed, clean, washed; threshed, winnowed…
- पूति1 pūtipurity, purification.
- पूत्रिम pūtrimapurified, pure, clean.
- पूत्वा pūtvāhaving purified, having bathed or washed one's self (= snātvā).
- पून pūnadestroyed (= vi-naṣṭa).
- पूनि pūnipurifying, cleansing (?);
- पूयमानयवम् pūyamāna-yavamat the time of winnowing barley;
- पू3 pūdrinking (in agre-pū, q.v.).
- पूग pūgaan association, union, assembly, corporation; a heap, quantity, multitude; disposition…
- पूगतिथ pūgatithasee Pāṇ. V. 2, 52;
- पूग्य pūgya(at the end of a comp.) belonging to a multitude.
- पूज् pūjpūjayati (ep. also cl. 10. A. pūjayate, and cl. 1. P. pūjati), apūpujat, pūjayitum, to…
- पूजक pūjakahonouring, worshipping, respecting, a worshipper.
- पूजत् pūjatreverencing, honouring; worshipping.
- पूजन pūjanareverencing, honouring; worshipping, worship, respect; showing attention (to a visitor)…
- पूजनीय pūjanīyato be revered or honoured, entitled to homage; venerable, honourable; to be worshipped…
- पूजयान pūjayānahonouring, reverencing.
- पूजयितव्य pūjayitavyato be honoured or worshipped, deserving honour or worship, venerable.
- पूजयितृ pūjayitṛhonouring, worshipping, a worshipper.
- पूजयित्वा pūjayitvāhaving honoured or worshipped.
- पूजा pūjāhonour, worship, respect, culture, reverence, veneration, homage to superiors or…
- पूजित pūjitahonoured, respected, reverenced; worshipped, adored; frequented; recommended…
- पूजिल pūjilavenerable, respectable, worshipful; (as), m. a god, deity.
- पूज्य pūjyato be honoured, honourable, respectable, venerable; fit for or deserving adoration…
- पूज्यमान pūjyamānabeing honoured or respected; being adored or worshipped.
- पूण् pūṇpūṇayati, -yitum, to collect or heap together, accumulate.
- पूत् pūtan onomatopoetic word expressive of blowing or hard breathing, a puff.
- पूत्कृ pūt-kṛ-karoti, -kurute, -kartum, to blow, puff, breathe hard; to recover breath.
- पूत pūtaSee p. 589 and col. 2. of this p.
- पूतना pūtanāname of a female demon (said to cause a particular disease in children; she was sent by…
- पूतनिका pūtanikāname of a female demon (= pūtanā).
- पूतुदारु pūtu-dāruthe tree Butea Frondosa.
- पूतुद्रु pūtu-drua species of tree, = pītu-dāru = khadira or according to others deva-dāru; (u), n. the…
- पूथिका pūthikāa species of culinary plant.
- पूप pūpaa cake, a sort of bread;
- पूपला pūpalāor pūpalikā or pūpalī, f. a kind of sweet cake fried with ghee or oil, a rich cake of…
- पूपालिक pūpālikaa cake.
- पूपाली pūpālīa sort of cake or biscuit made of meal or barley half baked or fried.
- पूपिका pūpikāa sort of cake half baked or fried in oil or ghee.
- पूपीय pūpīyaor pūpya, as, ā, am, see Gaṇa to Pāṇ. V. 1, 4.
- पूय् pūypūyati, -te, pupūya, -ye, pūyiṣyati, -te, pūyitum, Vedic to become foul or putrid, to…
- पूत2 pūtaputrid, foul-smelling, ill-smelling, fetid, stinking.
- पूति2 pūtiputrid, foul-smelling, stinking, fetid, ill-smelling; (is), f. a stench, stink, fetor…
- पूतिक pūtikafoul, stinking, putrid; (as), m. a species of plant serving as a substitute for the Soma…
- पूतीक pūtīkaa species of plant serving as a substitute for the Soma plant, Guilandina Bonducella; the…
- पूय pūyapus, purulent matter, suppuration, discharge from an ulcer or wound.
- पूयन pūyanapus, discharge from a wound or sore.
- पूर् pūrpūrayati, -yitum, more properly regarded as a Caus. of rt. pṝ, q.v.
- पूर pūrafilling, making full; (as), m. filling, making full; satisfying, contenting, making…
- पूरक pūrakafilling, completing, that which fills or completes; filling up; satisfying, making…
- पूरण pūraṇafilling, filling up, completing; satisfying; drawing (a bow); (in gram.) an epithet of…
- पूरणीय pūraṇīyato be filled up, to be completed.
- पूरयितव्य pūrayitavyato be filled or filled up; to be satisfied.
- पूरयितृ pūrayitṛone who fills or fills up; one who fulfils or satisfies; (tā), m. an epithet of Viṣṇu; of…
- पूरयित्वा pūrayitvāhaving filled or completed.
- पूरिक pūrikaa kind of pastry, a sort of unleavened cake fried with ghee or oil.
- पूरित pūritafilled, full, complete; multiplied; overspread.
- पूरिन् pūrin(at the end of a comp.) filling, making full, filling up.
- पूर्ण pūrṇafilled, full, filled with, full of; fulfilled, finished, ended, accomplished; completed…
- पूर्णक pūrṇakafilled, full; (as), m. a species of tree; the blue jay (= svarṇa-cūḍa); a cock; (ikā), f…
- पूर्णालक pūrṇālakaclothes and ornaments distributed or scrambled for at a feast;
- पूर्णिमन् pūrṇimanname of a brother of Kaśyapa and son of Marīci and Kalā.
- पूर्णिमा pūrṇimāthe day or night of full moon.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).