Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 48 of 554
- अभिवादयितृ abhi-vādayitṛa respectful saluter.
- अभिवादित abhi-vāditasaluted respectfully.
- अभिवादिन् abhi-vādintelling, enunciating, describing.
- अभिवाद्य abhi-vādyaor abhi-vādanīya, as, ā, am, to be respectfully saluted.
- अभिवन्द् abhi-vand-vandate, -ditum, to salute respectfully.
- अभिवन्दन abhi-vandanasaluting respectfully.
- अभिवप् abhi-vap-vapati, -ptum, to join, come together.
- अभिवयस् abhi-vayasvery youthful, fresh; possessed of food.
- अभिवर्त abhi-vartaetc. See abhi-vṛt.
- अभिवर्षण abhi-varṣaṇaetc. See abhivṛṣ.
- अभिवस् abhi-vas-vāsayati, -yitum, to clothe, cover.
- अभिवास abhi-vāsaor abhi-vāsana, am, n. covering.
- अभिवास abhi-vāsaover the cloth or covering.
- अभिवह abhi-vahaconveying near or towards, driving near.
- अभिवहन abhi-vahanaconveying towards or near.
- अभिवाह्य abhi-vāhyato be carried near; (am), n. conveyance, transmission; presentation, offering.
- अभिवा abhi-vā-vāti, -tum, to blow upon or towards.
- अभिवातम् abhi-vātamtowards the wind, windwards.
- अभिवाञ्छ् abhi-vāñch-vāñchati, -chitum, to long for, desire.
- अभिवान्या abhi-vānyāor abhivānya-vatsā, f., Vedic a cow who suckles an adopted calf.
- अभिविख्या abhi-vi-khyā-khyāti, -tum, Vedic to look at, view. In later Sanskrit, to tell, to call.
- अभिविख्यात abhi-vikhyātauniversally known, renowned, known as, called.
- अभिविचक्ष् abhi-vi-cakṣ-caṣṭe, Vedic to look towards. In later Sanskrit the idea of speaking is usually inherent…
- अभिविचर् abhi-vi-car-carate, -ritum, Vedic -tave, -tavai, -rase, -radhyai, to approach; cl. 10. P. -cārayati…
- अभिविजंह् abhi-vi-jaṃh3rd sing. -jaṅgahe, to twitch convulsively.
- अभिविज्ञा abhi-vi-jñā-jānāti, -jñātum, to be aware, to know, perceive.
- अभिविज्ञप्त abhi-vijñaptanotified, made known.
- अभिविज्वल् abhi-vi-jval-jvalati, -litum, to flame or blaze against or opposite to.
- अभिवितन् abhi-vi-tan-tanoti, -nute, -nitum, to stretch (the string) over or across (the bow); to stretch…
- अभिविद् abhi-vid-vindati, -te, -veditum, to find, obtain; to seek.
- अभिविदृश् abhi-vi-dṛś-paśyati, -draṣṭum, to look at, behold.
- अभिविधि abhi-vidhicomplete coincidence, complete comprehension or inclusion,
- अभिविनद् abhi-vi-nad-nadati, -ditum, to raise a loud noise.
- अभिविनी abhi-vi-nī-nayati, -te, -netum, to inform, instruct.
- अभिविनीत abhi-vinītawell-behaved; well-disciplined; pious, pure, devout.
- अभिविनुद् abhi-vi-nud-nodayati, -yitum, to gladden, cause to rejoice.
- अभिविभा abhi-vi-bhā-bhāti, -tum, to illuminate.
- अभिविमान abhi-vimānaof unlimited dimensions.
- अभिविया abhi-vi-yā-yāti, -tum, to approach, visit.
- अभिविराज् abhi-vi-rāj-rājate, -jitum, to shine, be radiant.
- अभिविशङ्किन् abhi-viśaṅkinafraid.
- अभिविश्रुत abhi-viśrutawidely celebrated.
- अभिविश्वस् abhi-vi-śvas-śvāsa-yati, -yitum, to render confident or secure.
- अभिवी abhi-vī-vyeti, -tum, to come together towards, meet together in.
- अभिवीक्ष् abhi-vīkṣ-vīkṣate, -kṣitum, to look at, view, perceive; to aim at, to examine; to be affected…
- अभिवीक्षित abhi-vīkṣitaseen, perceived.
- अभिवीक्ष्य abhi-vīkṣyahaving seen or observed.
- अभिवीर abhi-vīrasurrounded by men or heroes.
- अभिवृत् abhi-vṛt-vartate, -titum, to go towards, to face, to approach, come up, attack, to turn up, arise.
- अभिवर्तिन् abhi-vartingoing towards, approaching, attacking.
- अभिवृत्त abhi-vṛttagone towards; turning towards.
- अभिवृत abhi-vṛtachosen, selected.
- अभिवृध् abhi-vṛdh-vardhate, -dhitum, to increase, prosper.
- अभिवृद्ध abhi-vṛddhaincreased, augmented.
- अभिवृद्धि abhi-vṛddhiincrease, addition, success.
- अभिवृष् abhi-vṛṣ-varṣati, -ṣitum, to rain upon, water, bedew, cover with a shower (e.g. of blossoms); to…
- अभिवर्षण abhi-varṣaṇawatering, bedewing; raining upon.
- अभिवर्षिन् abhi-varṣinbedewing; raining upon.
- अभिवृष्ट abhi-vṛṣṭabedewed; rained upon.
- अभिवेग abhi-vegaconsideration, determination.
- अभिव्यञ्ज् abhi-vy-añj), cl. 7. P. -anakti, -añjitum or aṅktum, to manifest, reveal.
- अभिव्यक्त abhi-vyaktamanifest, evident, distinct, plain; declared, revealed; (am), ind. manifestly, plainly.
- अभिव्यक्ति abhi-vyaktimanifestation, distinction; declaration, revelation.
- अभिव्यङ्ग्य abhi-vyaṅgyato be manifested or made clear.
- अभिव्यज्यमान abhi-vyajyamānabeing manifested.
- अभिव्यञ्जक abhi-vyañjakarevealing, manifesting; indicative, showing.
- अभिव्यञ्जन abhi-vyañjanamaking manifest, act of revealing.
- अभिव्यन् abhi-vy-an-aniti, -nitum, to breathe through, to fill with breath.
- अभिव्यादा abhi-vy-ā-dā-dadāti, -datte, -dātum, to open one's mouth (for swallowing).
- अभिव्यादान abhi-vyādānasuppressed sound; repetition of the same sound.
- अभिव्याधिन् abhi-vyādhinstriking at, hurting much, injuring greatly.
- अभिव्याप् abhi-vy-āp-āpnoti, -āptum, to extend to, to comprehend, include, pervade, surround.
- अभिव्यापक abhi-vyāpakaor abhi-vyāpin, ī, inī, i, including, comprehending.
- अभिव्याप्त abhi-vyāptaincluded, comprehended, co-extended, etc.
- अभिव्याप्ति abhi-vyāptico-extending, universal pervasion, inclusion, comprehension.
- अभिव्याप्य1 abhi-vyāpyaup to a certain point inclusive.
- अभिव्याप्य2 abhi-vyāpyato be included; (am), n. validity of a rule (?).
- अभिव्याहृ abhi-vy-ā-hṛ-hārayati, -yitum, to utter, pronounce, tell, explain.
- अभिव्याहरण abhi-vyāharaṇaor abhi-vyāhāra, as, m. pronunciation, utterance; an articulate significant word or…
- अभिव्याहारिन् abhi-vyāhārinpronouncing, telling.
- अभिव्याहृत abhi-vyāhṛtapronounced, spoken, told.
- अभिव्युक्ष् abhi-vy-ukṣ-ukṣati, -ṣitum, to sprinkle towards.
- अभिव्लङ्ग abhi-vlaṅgaassault, shaking off.
- अभिशंस् abhi-śaṃs-śaṃsati, -situm, to accuse, blame, calumniate, abuse.
- अभिशंसक abhi-śaṃsakaor abhi-śaṃsin, ī, inī, i, accusing; insulting; abusive.
- अभिशंसन abhi-śaṃsanaaccusation; insult.
- अभिशस्1 abhi-śasaccusation, imprecation, solicitation (?). For 2. see next col.
- अभिशस्त1 abhi-śastafalsely accused, calumniated; defamed, infamous; sinful, wicked. See next col.
- अभिशतक abhi-śatakafalsely accused, cursed; caused by imprecation.
- अभिशस्ति abhi-śastiimprecation; curse, damnation; effect of imprecation, misfortune, evil; one who curses or…
- अभिशक् abhi-śak-śikṣayati, -yitum, to teach.
- अभिशङ्क् abhi-śaṅk-śaṅkate, -kitum, to doubt, suspect, be suspicious.
- अभिशङ्का abhi-śaṅkādoubt, alarm, suspicion.
- अभिशङ्कित abhi-śaṅkitadoubtful, frightened, alarmed.
- अभिशप् abhi-śap-śapati, -te, -śaptum, to execrate, curse.
- अभिशपन abhi-śapanaor abhi-śāpa, as, m. curse, imprecation; charge, accusation; false accusation, calumny.
- अभिशप्त abhi-śaptacursed, accursed; falsely accused, calumniated; reviled.
- अभिशापन abhi-śāpanapronouncing a curse or malediction.
- अभिशब्दित abhi-śabditadeclared, announced.
- अभिशस्2 abhi-śas-śasati, -situm, to hurt, injure, attack. (See under abhi-śaṃs.) 3. abhi-śas, f., Vedic…
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).