Scripture · Sanskrit Bible with the King James Version · the Pāli Canon
Colossians 1 कलसिनः पत्रं 1
Verse: 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829 · Hide pronunciation
Each verse: the King James English, then the Sanskrit, its transliteration (IAST) and how to say it, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum, ḥ = soft breath echoing the vowel).
Tap any word to see it in the other language: a Sanskrit word shows its English meaning; an English word underlined shows matching Sanskrit words.
-
1
ईश्वरस्येच्छयाīś·va·ras·yec·cha·yā यीशुख्रीष्टस्यyī·śukh·rīṣ·ṭas·ya प्रेरितःpre·ri·taḥ पौलस्तीमथियोpau·las·tī·ma·thi·yo भ्राताbhrā·tā चca कलसीनगरस्थान्ka·la·sī·na·ga·ras·thān पवित्रान्pa·vit·rān विश्वस्तान्viś·vas·tān ख्रीष्टाश्रितभ्रातृन्khrīṣ·ṭāś·ri·tabh·rā·tṛn प्रतिpra·ti पत्रंpat·raṃ लिखतःli·kha·taḥ।
īśvarasyecchayā yīśukhrīṣṭasya preritaḥ paulastīmathiyo bhrātā ca kalasīnagarasthān pavitrān viśvastān khrīṣṭāśritabhrātṛn prati patraṁ likhataḥ|
Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timotheus our brother,
-
2
अस्माकंas·mā·kaṃ तातtā·ta ईश्वरःīś·va·raḥ प्रभुpra·bhu र्यीशुख्रीष्टश्चryī·śukh·rīṣ·ṭaś·ca युष्मान्yuṣ·mān प्रतिpra·ti प्रसादंpra·sā·daṃ शान्तिञ्चśān·tiñ·ca क्रियास्तांkri·yās·tāṃ।
asmākaṁ tāta īśvaraḥ prabhu ryīśukhrīṣṭaśca yuṣmān prati prasādaṁ śāntiñca kriyāstāṁ|
To the saints and faithful brethren in Christ which are at Colosse: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
-
3
ख्रीष्टेkhrīṣ·ṭe यीशौyī·śau युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ विश्वासस्यviś·vā·sas·ya सर्व्वान्sar·vān पवित्रलोकान्pa·vit·ra·lo·kān प्रतिpra·ti प्रेम्नश्चprem·naś·ca वार्त्तांvār·tāṃ श्रुत्वाśrut·vā
khrīṣṭe yīśau yuṣmākaṁ viśvāsasya sarvvān pavitralokān prati premnaśca vārttāṁ śrutvā
We give thanks to God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying always for you,
-
4
वयंva·yaṃ सदाsa·dā युष्मदर्थंyuṣ·ma·dar·thaṃ प्रार्थनांprār·tha·nāṃ कुर्व्वन्तःkur·van·taḥ स्वर्गेsvar·ge निहितायाni·hi·tā·yā युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ भाविसम्पदःbhā·vi·sam·pa·daḥ कारणात्kā·ra·ṇāt स्वकीयप्रभोsva·kī·yap·ra·bho र्यीशुख्रीष्टस्यryī·śukh·rīṣ·ṭas·ya तातम्tā·tam ईश्वरंīś·va·raṃ धन्यंdhan·yaṃ वदामःva·dā·maḥ।
vayaṁ sadā yuṣmadarthaṁ prārthanāṁ kurvvantaḥ svarge nihitāyā yuṣmākaṁ bhāvisampadaḥ kāraṇāt svakīyaprabho ryīśukhrīṣṭasya tātam īśvaraṁ dhanyaṁ vadāmaḥ|
Since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus, and of the love which ye have to all the saints,
-
5
यूयंyū·yaṃ तस्याtas·yā भाविसम्पदोbhā·vi·sam·pa·do वार्त्तांvār·tāṃ ययाya·yā सुसंवादरूपिण्याsu·saṃ·vā·da·rū·piṇ·yā सत्यवाण्याsat·ya·vāṇ·yā ज्ञापिताःjñā·pi·tāḥ
yūyaṁ tasyā bhāvisampado vārttāṁ yayā susaṁvādarūpiṇyā satyavāṇyā jñāpitāḥ
For the hope which is laid up for you in heaven, whereof ye heard before in the word of the truth of the gospel;
-
6
साsā यद्वत्yad·vat कृस्नंkṛs·naṃ जगद्ja·gad अभिगच्छतिa·bhi·gac·cha·ti तद्वद्tad·vad युष्मान्yuṣ·mān अप्यभ्यगमत्ap·yabh·ya·ga·mat, यूयञ्चyū·yañ·ca यद्yad दिनम्di·nam आरभ्येश्वरस्यानुग्रहस्यā·rabh·yeś·va·ras·yā·nug·ra·has·ya वार्त्तांvār·tāṃ श्रुत्वाśrut·vā सत्यरूपेणsat·ya·rū·pe·ṇa ज्ञातवन्तस्तदारभ्यjñā·ta·van·tas·ta·dā·rabh·ya युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ मध्येऽपिmadh·ye·pi फलतिpha·la·ti वर्द्धतेvar·ddha·te चca।
sā yadvat kṛsnaṁ jagad abhigacchati tadvad yuṣmān apyabhyagamat, yūyañca yad dinam ārabhyeśvarasyānugrahasya vārttāṁ śrutvā satyarūpeṇa jñātavantastadārabhya yuṣmākaṁ madhye'pi phalati varddhate ca|
Which is come unto you, as it is in all the world; and bringeth forth fruit, as it doth also in you, since the day ye heard of it, and knew the grace of God in truth:
-
7
अस्माकंas·mā·kaṃ प्रियःpri·yaḥ सहदासोsa·ha·dā·so युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ कृतेkṛ·te चca ख्रीष्टस्यkhrīṣ·ṭas·ya विश्वस्तपरिचारकोviś·vas·ta·pa·ri·cā·ra·ko यya इपफ्रास्तद्i·paph·rās·tad वाक्यंvāk·yaṃ
asmākaṁ priyaḥ sahadāso yuṣmākaṁ kṛte ca khrīṣṭasya viśvastaparicārako ya ipaphrāstad vākyaṁ
As ye also learned of Epaphras our dear fellowservant, who is for you a faithful minister of Christ;
- 8
-
9
वयंva·yaṃ यद्yad दिनम्di·nam आरभ्यā·rabh·ya तांtāṃ वार्त्तांvār·tāṃ श्रुतवन्तस्तदारभ्यśru·ta·van·tas·ta·dā·rabh·ya निरन्तरंni·ran·ta·raṃ युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ कृतेkṛ·te प्रार्थनांprār·tha·nāṃ कुर्म्मःkur·maḥ फलतोpha·la·to यूयंyū·yaṃ यत्yat पूर्णाभ्याम्pūr·ṇābh·yām आत्मिकज्ञानवुद्धिभ्याम्āt·mi·kaj·ñā·na·vud·dhibh·yām ईश्वरस्याभितमंīś·va·ras·yā·bhi·ta·maṃ सम्पूर्णरूपेणावगच्छेतsam·pūr·ṇa·rū·pe·ṇā·va·gac·che·ta,
vayaṁ yad dinam ārabhya tāṁ vārttāṁ śrutavantastadārabhya nirantaraṁ yuṣmākaṁ kṛte prārthanāṁ kurmmaḥ phalato yūyaṁ yat pūrṇābhyām ātmikajñānavuddhibhyām īśvarasyābhitamaṁ sampūrṇarūpeṇāvagaccheta,
For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to pray for you, and to desire that ye might be filled with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding;
-
10
प्रभोpra·bho र्योग्यंryog·yaṃ सर्व्वथाsar·va·thā सन्तोषजनकञ्चाचारंsan·to·ṣa·ja·na·kañ·cā·cā·raṃ कुर्य्यातार्थतkur·yā·tār·tha·ta ईश्वरज्ञानेīś·va·raj·ñā·ne वर्द्धमानाःvar·ddha·mā·nāḥ सर्व्वसत्कर्म्मरूपंsar·va·sat·kar·ma·rū·paṃ फलंpha·laṃ फलेतpha·le·ta,
prabho ryogyaṁ sarvvathā santoṣajanakañcācāraṁ kuryyātārthata īśvarajñāne varddhamānāḥ sarvvasatkarmmarūpaṁ phalaṁ phaleta,
That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God;
-
11
यथाya·thā चेश्वरस्यceś·va·ras·ya महिमयुक्तयाma·hi·ma·yuk·ta·yā शक्त्याśak·tyā सानन्देनsā·nan·de·na पूर्णांpūr·ṇāṃ सहिष्णुतांsa·hiṣ·ṇu·tāṃ तितिक्षाञ्चाचरितुंti·tik·ṣāñ·cā·ca·ri·tuṃ शक्ष्यथśak·ṣya·tha तादृशेनtā·dṛ·śe·na पूर्णबलेनpūr·ṇa·ba·le·na यद्yad बलवन्तोba·la·van·to भवेतbha·ve·ta,
yathā ceśvarasya mahimayuktayā śaktyā sānandena pūrṇāṁ sahiṣṇutāṁ titikṣāñcācarituṁ śakṣyatha tādṛśena pūrṇabalena yad balavanto bhaveta,
Strengthened with all might, according to his glorious power, unto all patience and longsuffering with joyfulness;
-
12
यश्चyaś·ca पिताpi·tā तेजोवासिनांte·jo·vā·si·nāṃ पवित्रलोकानाम्pa·vit·ra·lo·kā·nām अधिकारस्यांशित्वायास्मान्a·dhi·kā·ras·yāṃ·śit·vā·yās·mān योग्यान्yog·yān कृतवान्kṛ·ta·vān तंtaṃ यद्yad धन्यंdhan·yaṃ वदेतva·de·ta वरम्va·ram एनंe·naṃ याचामहेyā·cā·ma·he।
yaśca pitā tejovāsināṁ pavitralokānām adhikārasyāṁśitvāyāsmān yogyān kṛtavān taṁ yad dhanyaṁ vadeta varam enaṁ yācāmahe|
Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light:
-
13
यतःya·taḥ सोऽस्मान्sos·mān तिमिरस्यti·mi·ras·ya कर्त्तृत्वाद्kar·tṛt·vād उद्धृत्यud·dhṛt·ya स्वकीयस्यsva·kī·yas·ya प्रियपुत्रस्यpri·ya·put·ras·ya राज्येrāj·ye स्थापितवान्sthā·pi·ta·vān।
yataḥ so'smān timirasya karttṛtvād uddhṛtya svakīyasya priyaputrasya rājye sthāpitavān|
Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son:
-
14
तस्मात्tas·māt पुत्राद्put·rād वयंva·yaṃ परित्राणम्pa·rit·rā·ṇam अर्थतःar·tha·taḥ पापमोचनंpā·pa·mo·ca·naṃ प्राप्तवन्तःprāp·ta·van·taḥ।
tasmāt putrād vayaṁ paritrāṇam arthataḥ pāpamocanaṁ prāptavantaḥ|
In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins:
-
15
सsa चादृश्यस्येश्वरस्यcā·dṛś·yas·yeś·va·ras·ya प्रतिमूर्तिःpra·ti·mūr·tiḥ कृत्स्नायाःkṛt·snā·yāḥ सृष्टेरादिकर्त्ताsṛṣ·ṭe·rā·di·kar·tā चca।
sa cādṛśyasyeśvarasya pratimūrtiḥ kṛtsnāyāḥ sṛṣṭerādikarttā ca|
Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature:
-
16
यतःya·taḥ सर्व्वमेवsar·va·me·va तेनte·na ससृजेsa·sṛ·je सिंहासनराजत्वपराक्रमादीनिsiṃ·hā·sa·na·rā·jat·va·pa·rāk·ra·mā·dī·ni स्वर्गमर्त्त्यस्थितानिsvar·ga·mar·tyas·thi·tā·ni दृश्यादृश्यानिdṛś·yā·dṛś·yā·ni वस्तूनिvas·tū·ni सर्व्वाणिsar·vā·ṇi तेनैवte·nai·va तस्मैtas·mai चca ससृजिरेsa·sṛ·ji·re।
yataḥ sarvvameva tena sasṛje siṁhāsanarājatvaparākramādīni svargamarttyasthitāni dṛśyādṛśyāni vastūni sarvvāṇi tenaiva tasmai ca sasṛjire|
For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him:
- 17
-
18
सsa एवe·va समितिरूपायास्तनोsa·mi·ti·rū·pā·yās·ta·no र्मूर्द्धाrmūr·ddhā किञ्चkiñ·ca सर्व्वविषयेsar·va·vi·ṣa·ye सsa यद्yad अग्रियोag·ri·yo भवेत्bha·vet तदर्थंta·dar·thaṃ सsa एवe·va मृतानांmṛ·tā·nāṃ मध्यात्madh·yāt प्रथमतpra·tha·ma·ta उत्थितोऽग्रश्चut·thi·tog·raś·ca।
sa eva samitirūpāyāstano rmūrddhā kiñca sarvvaviṣaye sa yad agriyo bhavet tadarthaṁ sa eva mṛtānāṁ madhyāt prathamata utthito'graśca|
And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.
- 19
-
20
क्रुशेkru·śe पातितेनpā·ti·te·na तस्यtas·ya रक्तेनrak·te·na सन्धिंsan·dhiṃ विधायvi·dhā·ya तेनैवte·nai·va स्वर्गमर्त्त्यस्थितानिsvar·ga·mar·tyas·thi·tā·ni सर्व्वाणिsar·vā·ṇi स्वेनsve·na सहsa·ha सन्धापयितुञ्चेश्वरेणाभिलेषेsan·dhā·pa·yi·tuñ·ceś·va·re·ṇā·bhi·le·ṣe।
kruśe pātitena tasya raktena sandhiṁ vidhāya tenaiva svargamarttyasthitāni sarvvāṇi svena saha sandhāpayituñceśvareṇābhileṣe|
And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven.
-
21
पूर्व्वंpūr·vaṃ दूरस्थाdū·ras·thā दुष्क्रियारतमनस्कत्वात्duṣ·kri·yā·ra·ta·ma·nas·kat·vāt तस्यtas·ya रिपवश्चास्तri·pa·vaś·cās·ta येye यूयंyū·yaṃ तान्tān युष्मान्yuṣ·mān अपिa·pi सsa इदानींi·dā·nīṃ तस्यtas·ya मांसलशरीरेmāṃ·sa·la·śa·rī·re मरणेनma·ra·ṇe·na स्वेनsve·na सहsa·ha सन्धापितवान्san·dhā·pi·ta·vān।
pūrvvaṁ dūrasthā duṣkriyāratamanaskatvāt tasya ripavaścāsta ye yūyaṁ tān yuṣmān api sa idānīṁ tasya māṁsalaśarīre maraṇena svena saha sandhāpitavān|
And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled
-
22
यतःya·taḥ सsa स्वसम्मुखेsva·sam·mu·khe पवित्रान्pa·vit·rān निष्कलङ्कान्niṣ·ka·laṅ·kān अनिन्दनीयांश्चa·nin·da·nī·yāṃ·śca युष्मान्yuṣ·mān स्थापयितुम्sthā·pa·yi·tum इच्छतिic·cha·ti।
yataḥ sa svasammukhe pavitrān niṣkalaṅkān anindanīyāṁśca yuṣmān sthāpayitum icchati|
In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight:
-
23
किन्त्वेतदर्थंkin·tve·ta·dar·thaṃ युष्माभिyuṣ·mā·bhi र्बद्धमूलैःrbad·dha·mū·laiḥ सुस्थिरैश्चsus·thi·raiś·ca भवितव्यम्bha·vi·tav·yam, आकाशमण्डलस्याधःस्थितानांā·kā·śa·maṇ·ḍa·las·yā·dhaḥ·sthi·tā·nāṃ सर्व्वलोकानांsar·va·lo·kā·nāṃ मध्येmadh·ye चca घुष्यमाणोghuṣ·ya·mā·ṇo यःyaḥ सुसंवादोsu·saṃ·vā·do युष्माभिरश्राविyuṣ·mā·bhi·raś·rā·vi तज्जातायांtaj·jā·tā·yāṃ प्रत्याशायांprat·yā·śā·yāṃ युष्माभिरचलैyuṣ·mā·bhi·ra·ca·lai र्भवितव्यंrbha·vi·tav·yaṃ।
kintvetadarthaṁ yuṣmābhi rbaddhamūlaiḥ susthiraiśca bhavitavyam, ākāśamaṇḍalasyādhaḥsthitānāṁ sarvvalokānāṁ madhye ca ghuṣyamāṇo yaḥ susaṁvādo yuṣmābhiraśrāvi tajjātāyāṁ pratyāśāyāṁ yuṣmābhiracalai rbhavitavyaṁ|
If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled, and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached to every creature which is under heaven; whereof I Paul am made a minister;
-
24
तस्यtas·ya सुसंवादस्यैकःsu·saṃ·vā·das·yai·kaḥ परिचारकोpa·ri·cā·ra·ko योऽहंyo·haṃ पौलःpau·laḥ सोऽहम्so·ham इदानीम्i·dā·nīm आनन्देनā·nan·de·na युष्मदर्थंyuṣ·ma·dar·thaṃ दुःखानिduḥ·khā·ni सहेsa·he ख्रीष्टस्यkhrīṣ·ṭas·ya क्लेशभोगस्यkle·śa·bho·gas·ya योंशोऽपूर्णस्तमेवyoṃ·śo·pūr·ṇas·ta·me·va तस्यtas·ya तनोःta·noḥ समितेःsa·mi·teḥ कृतेkṛ·te स्वशरीरेsva·śa·rī·re पूरयामिpū·ra·yā·mi चca।
tasya susaṁvādasyaikaḥ paricārako yo'haṁ paulaḥ so'ham idānīm ānandena yuṣmadarthaṁ duḥkhāni sahe khrīṣṭasya kleśabhogasya yoṁśo'pūrṇastameva tasya tanoḥ samiteḥ kṛte svaśarīre pūrayāmi ca|
Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body’s sake, which is the church:
-
25
यतya·ta ईश्वरस्यīś·va·ras·ya मन्त्रणयाman·tra·ṇa·yā युष्मदर्थम्yuṣ·ma·dar·tham ईश्वरीयवाक्यस्यīś·va·rī·ya·vāk·yas·ya प्रचारस्यpra·cā·ras·ya भारोbhā·ro मयिma·yi समपितस्तस्माद्sa·ma·pi·tas·tas·mād अहंa·haṃ तस्याःtas·yāḥ समितेःsa·mi·teḥ परिचारकोऽभवंpa·ri·cā·ra·ko·bha·vaṃ।
yata īśvarasya mantraṇayā yuṣmadartham īśvarīyavākyasya pracārasya bhāro mayi samapitastasmād ahaṁ tasyāḥ samiteḥ paricārako'bhavaṁ|
Whereof I am made a minister, according to the dispensation of God which is given to me for you, to fulfil the word of God;
-
26
तत्tat निगूढंni·gū·ḍhaṃ वाक्यंvāk·yaṃ पूर्व्वयुगेषुpūr·va·yu·ge·ṣu पूर्व्वपुरुषेभ्यःpūr·va·pu·ru·ṣebh·yaḥ प्रच्छन्नम्prac·chan·nam आसीत्ā·sīt किन्त्विदानींkin·tvi·dā·nīṃ तस्यtas·ya पवित्रलोकानांpa·vit·ra·lo·kā·nāṃ सन्निधौsan·ni·dhau तेनte·na प्राकाश्यतprā·kāś·ya·ta।
tat nigūḍhaṁ vākyaṁ pūrvvayugeṣu pūrvvapuruṣebhyaḥ pracchannam āsīt kintvidānīṁ tasya pavitralokānāṁ sannidhau tena prākāśyata|
Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is made manifest to his saints:
-
27
यतोya·to भिन्नजातीयानांbhin·na·jā·tī·yā·nāṃ मध्येmadh·ye तत्tat निगूढवाक्यंni·gū·ḍha·vāk·yaṃ कीदृग्गौरवनिधिसम्बलितंkī·dṛg·gau·ra·va·ni·dhi·sam·ba·li·taṃ तत्tat पवित्रलोकान्pa·vit·ra·lo·kān ज्ञापयितुम्jñā·pa·yi·tum ईश्वरोऽभ्यलषत्īś·va·robh·ya·la·ṣat। युष्मन्मध्यवर्त्तीyuṣ·man·madh·ya·var·tī ख्रीष्टkhrīṣ·ṭa एवe·va सsa निधिni·dhi र्गैरवाशाभूमिश्चrgai·ra·vā·śā·bhū·miś·ca।
yato bhinnajātīyānāṁ madhye tat nigūḍhavākyaṁ kīdṛggauravanidhisambalitaṁ tat pavitralokān jñāpayitum īśvaro'bhyalaṣat| yuṣmanmadhyavarttī khrīṣṭa eva sa nidhi rgairavāśābhūmiśca|
To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory:
-
28
तस्माद्tas·mād वयंva·yaṃ तमेवta·me·va घोषयन्तोgho·ṣa·yan·to यद्yad एकैकंe·kai·kaṃ मानवंmā·na·vaṃ सिद्धीभूतंsid·dhī·bhū·taṃ ख्रीष्टेkhrīṣ·ṭe स्थापयेमsthā·pa·ye·ma तदर्थमेकैकंta·dar·tha·me·kai·kaṃ मानवंmā·na·vaṃ प्रबोधयामःpra·bo·dha·yā·maḥ पूर्णज्ञानेनpūr·ṇaj·ñā·ne·na चैकैकंcai·kai·kaṃ मानवंmā·na·vaṃ उपदिशामःu·pa·di·śā·maḥ।
tasmād vayaṁ tameva ghoṣayanto yad ekaikaṁ mānavaṁ siddhībhūtaṁ khrīṣṭe sthāpayema tadarthamekaikaṁ mānavaṁ prabodhayāmaḥ pūrṇajñānena caikaikaṁ mānavaṁ upadiśāmaḥ|
Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus:
-
29
एतदर्थंe·ta·dar·thaṃ तस्यtas·ya याyā शक्तिःśak·tiḥ प्रबलरूपेणpra·ba·la·rū·pe·ṇa ममma·ma मध्येmadh·ye प्रकाशतेpra·kā·śa·te तयाहंta·yā·haṃ यतमानःya·ta·mā·naḥ श्राभ्यामिśrābh·yā·mi।
etadarthaṁ tasya yā śaktiḥ prabalarūpeṇa mama madhye prakāśate tayāhaṁ yatamānaḥ śrābhyāmi|
Whereunto I also labour, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily.
Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.