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Verses of the Senior Nuns 70 थेरीगाथा 70

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Subhākammāradhītutherīgāthā

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

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  1. 1

    थेरीगाथाthe·rī·gā·thā 13।5

    Therīgāthā 13.5

    Verses of the Senior Nuns 13.5

  2. 2

    वीसतिनिपातvī·sa·ti·ni·pā·ta

    Vīsatinipāta

    The Book of the Twenties

  3. 3

    सुभाकम्मारधीतुथेरीगाथाsu·bhā·kam·mā·ra·dhī·tu·the·rī·gā·thā

    Subhākammāradhītutherīgāthā

    Subhā, the Smith’s Daughter

  4. 4

    “दहराहंda·ha·rā·haṃ सुद्धवसना,sud·dha·va·sa·nā

    “Daharāhaṁ suddhavasanā,

    “I was so young, my clothes so fresh,

  5. 5

    यंyaṃ पुरेpu·re धम्ममस्सुणिं;dham·ma·mas·su·ṇiṃ

    yaṁ pure dhammamassuṇiṁ;

    at that time I heard the teaching.

  6. 6

    तस्साtas·sā मेme अप्पमत्ताय,ap·pa·mat·tā·ya

    Tassā me appamattāya,

    Being diligent,

  7. 7

    सच्चाभिसमयोsac·cā·bhi·sa·ma·yo अहु।a·hu

    saccābhisamayo ahu.

    I comprehended the truth;

  8. 8

    ततोहंta·to·haṃ सब्बकामेसु,sab·ba·kā·me·su

    Tatohaṁ sabbakāmesu,

    and then I became profoundly dispassionate

  9. 9

    भुसंbhu·saṃ अरतिमज्झगं;a·ra·ti·maj·jha·gaṃ

    bhusaṁ aratimajjhagaṁ;

    toward all sensual pleasures.

  10. 10

    सक्कायस्मिंsak·kā·yas·miṃ भयंbha·yaṃ दिस्वा,dis·vā

    Sakkāyasmiṁ bhayaṁ disvā,

    Seeing fear in substantial reality,

  11. 11

    नेक्खम्ममेवnek·kham·ma·me·va पीहये।pī·ha·ye

    nekkhammameva pīhaye.

    I longed for renunciation.

  12. 12

    हित्वानहंhit·vā·na·haṃ ञातिगणं,ñā·ti·ga·ṇaṃ

    Hitvānahaṁ ñātigaṇaṁ,

    Giving up my family circle,

  13. 13

    दासकम्मकरानिdā·sa·kam·ma·ka·rā·ni च;ca

    dāsakammakarāni ca;

    bonded servants and workers,

  14. 14

    गामखेत्तानिgā·ma·khet·tā·ni फीतानि,phī·tā·ni

    Gāmakhettāni phītāni,

    and my flourishing village fields,

  15. 15

    रमणीयेra·ma·ṇī·ye पमोदिते।pa·mo·di·te

    ramaṇīye pamodite.

    so delightful and pleasant,

  16. 16

    पहायहंpa·hā·ya·haṃ पब्बजिता,pab·ba·ji·tā

    Pahāyahaṁ pabbajitā,

    I went forth;

  17. 17

    सापतेय्यमनप्पकं;sā·pa·tey·ya·ma·nap·pa·kaṃ

    sāpateyyamanappakaṁ;

    all that is no small wealth.

  18. 18

    एवंe·vaṃ सद्धायsad·dhā·ya निक्खम्म,nik·kham·ma

    Evaṁ saddhāya nikkhamma,

    Now that I’ve renounced in faith like this,

  19. 19

    सद्धम्मेsad·dham·me सुप्पवेदिते।sup·pa·ve·di·te

    saddhamme suppavedite.

    in the true teaching so well proclaimed,

  20. 20

    नेतंne·taṃ अस्सas·sa पतिरूपं,pa·ti·rū·paṃ

    Netaṁ assa patirūpaṁ,

    since I desire to have nothing,

  21. 21

    आकिञ्चञ्ञञ्हिā·kiñ·cañ·ñañ·hi पत्थये;pat·tha·ye

    Ākiñcaññañhi patthaye;

    it would not be appropriate

  22. 22

    योyo जातरूपंjā·ta·rū·paṃ रजतं,ra·ja·taṃ

    Yo jātarūpaṁ rajataṁ,

    to take back gold and currency,

  23. 23

    छड्डेत्वाchaḍ·ḍet·vā पुनरागमे।pu·na·rā·ga·me

    Chaḍḍetvā punarāgame.

    having already got rid of them.

  24. 24

    रजतंra·ja·taṃ जातरूपंjā·ta·rū·paṃ वा,vā

    Rajataṁ jātarūpaṁ vā,

    Currency or gold

  25. 25

    नna बोधायbo·dhā·ya नna सन्तिया;san·ti·yā

    na bodhāya na santiyā;

    doesn’t lead to peace and awakening.

  26. 26

    नेतंne·taṃ समणसारुप्पं,sa·ma·ṇa·sā·rup·paṃ

    Netaṁ samaṇasāruppaṁ,

    It doesn’t befit an ascetic;

  27. 27

    नna एतंe·taṃ अरियद्धनं।a·ri·yad·dha·naṃ

    na etaṁ ariyaddhanaṁ.

    it’s not the wealth of the noble ones;

  28. 28

    लोभनंlo·bha·naṃ मदनञ्चेतं,ma·da·nañ·ce·taṃ

    Lobhanaṁ madanañcetaṁ,

    it’s greed and vanity,

  29. 29

    मोहनंmo·ha·naṃ रजवड्ढनं;ra·ja·vaḍ·ḍha·naṃ

    mohanaṁ rajavaḍḍhanaṁ;

    confusion and growing decadence,

  30. 30

    सासङ्कंsā·saṅ·kaṃ बहुआयासं,ba·hu·ā·yā·saṃ

    Sāsaṅkaṁ bahuāyāsaṁ,

    dubious and troublesome—

  31. 31

    नत्थिnat·thi चेत्थcet·tha धुवंdhu·vaṃ ठिति।ṭhi·ti

    natthi cettha dhuvaṁ ṭhiti.

    there is nothing lasting there.

  32. 32

    एत्थet·tha रत्ताrat·tā पमत्ताpa·mat·tā च,ca

    Ettha rattā pamattā ca,

    Depraved and heedless,

  33. 33

    सङ्किलिट्ठमनाsaṅ·ki·liṭ·ṭha·ma·nā नरा;na·rā

    saṅkiliṭṭhamanā narā;

    unenlightened folk, their hearts corrupt,

  34. 34

    अञ्ञमञ्ञेनañ·ña·mañ·ñe·na ब्यारुद्धा,byā·rud·dhā

    Aññamaññena byāruddhā,

    fight each other,

  35. 35

    पुथुpu·thu कुब्बन्तिkub·ban·ti मेधगं।me·dha·gaṃ

    puthu kubbanti medhagaṁ.

    creating conflict.

  36. 36

    वधोva·dho बन्धोban·dho परिक्लेसो,pa·rik·le·so

    Vadho bandho parikleso,

    Killing, caging, misery,

  37. 37

    जानिjā·ni सोकपरिद्दवो;so·ka·pa·rid·da·vo

    jāni sokapariddavo;

    loss, grief, and lamentation;

  38. 38

    कामेसुkā·me·su अधिपन्नानं,a·dhi·pan·nā·naṃ

    Kāmesu adhipannānaṁ,

    those sunk in sensual pleasures

  39. 39

    दिस्सतेdis·sa·te ब्यसनंbya·sa·naṃ बहुं।ba·huṃ

    dissate byasanaṁ bahuṁ.

    see many disastrous things.

  40. 40

    तंtaṃ मंmaṃ ञातीñā·tī अमित्ताव,a·mit·tā·va

    Taṁ maṁ ñātī amittāva,

    My family, why do you urge me on

  41. 41

    किंkiṃ वोvo कामेसुkā·me·su युञ्जथ;yuñ·ja·tha

    kiṁ vo kāmesu yuñjatha;

    to pleasures, as if you were my enemies?

  42. 42

    जानाथjā·nā·tha मंmaṃ पब्बजितं,pab·ba·ji·taṃ

    Jānātha maṁ pabbajitaṁ,

    You know I’ve gone forth,

  43. 43

    कामेसुkā·me·su भयदस्सिनिं।bha·ya·das·si·niṃ

    kāmesu bhayadassiniṁ.

    seeing fear in sensual pleasures.

  44. 44

    नna हिरञ्ञसुवण्णेन,hi·rañ·ña·su·vaṇ·ṇe·na

    Na hiraññasuvaṇṇena,

    It’s not due to gold, coined or uncoined,

  45. 45

    परिक्खीयन्तिpa·rik·khī·yan·ti आसवा;ā·sa·vā

    parikkhīyanti āsavā;

    that defilements come to an end.

  46. 46

    अमित्ताa·mit·tā वधकाva·dha·kā कामा,kā·mā

    Amittā vadhakā kāmā,

    Sensual pleasures are enemies and killers,

  47. 47

    सपत्ताsa·pat·tā सल्लबन्धना।sal·la·ban·dha·nā

    sapattā sallabandhanā.

    hostile forces that bind you to thorns.

  48. 48

    तंtaṃ मंmaṃ ञातीñā·tī अमित्ताव,a·mit·tā·va

    Taṁ maṁ ñātī amittāva,

    My family, why do you urge me on

  49. 49

    किंkiṃ वोvo कामेसुkā·me·su युञ्जथ;yuñ·ja·tha

    kiṁ vo kāmesu yuñjatha;

    to pleasures, as if you were my enemies?

  50. 50

    जानाथjā·nā·tha मंmaṃ पब्बजितं,pab·ba·ji·taṃ

    Jānātha maṁ pabbajitaṁ,

    You know I’ve gone forth,

  51. 51

    मुण्डंmuṇ·ḍaṃ सङ्घाटिपारुतं।saṅ·ghā·ṭi·pā·ru·taṃ

    muṇḍaṁ saṅghāṭipārutaṁ.

    shaven, wrapped in my outer robe.

  52. 52

    उत्तिट्ठपिण्डोut·tiṭ·ṭha·piṇ·ḍo उञ्छोuñ·cho च,ca

    Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍo uñcho ca,

    Leftovers as gleanings,

  53. 53

    पंसुकूलञ्चpaṃ·su·kū·lañ·ca चीवरं;cī·va·raṃ

    paṁsukūlañca cīvaraṁ;

    and cast-off rags as robes—

  54. 54

    एतंe·taṃ खोkho ममma·ma सारुप्पं,sā·rup·paṃ

    Etaṁ kho mama sāruppaṁ,

    that’s what’s fitting for me,

  55. 55

    अनगारूपनिस्सयो।a·na·gā·rū·pa·nis·sa·yo

    anagārūpanissayo.

    the essentials of the homeless life.

  56. 56

    वन्ताvan·tā महेसीहिma·he·sī·hi कामा,kā·mā

    Vantā mahesīhi kāmā,

    Great seers expel sensual pleasures,

  57. 57

    येye दिब्बाdib·bā येye चca मानुसा;mā·nu·sā

    ye dibbā ye ca mānusā;

    both human and heavenly.

  58. 58

    खेमट्ठानेkhe·maṭ·ṭhā·ne विमुत्ताvi·mut·tā ते,te

    Khemaṭṭhāne vimuttā te,

    Safe in their sanctuary, they are freed,

  59. 59

    पत्ताpat·tā तेte अचलंa·ca·laṃ सुखं।su·khaṃ

    pattā te acalaṁ sukhaṁ.

    having found unshakable happiness.

  60. 60

    माहंmā·haṃ कामेहिkā·me·hi सङ्गच्छिं,saṅ·gac·chiṃ

    Māhaṁ kāmehi saṅgacchiṁ,

    May I not encounter sensual pleasures,

  61. 61

    येसुye·su ताणंtā·ṇaṃ नna विज्जति;vij·ja·ti

    yesu tāṇaṁ na vijjati;

    for no shelter is found in them.

  62. 62

    अमित्ताa·mit·tā वधकाva·dha·kā कामा,kā·mā

    Amittā vadhakā kāmā,

    Sensual pleasures are enemies and killers,

  63. 63

    अग्गिक्खन्धूपमाag·gik·khan·dhū·pa·mā दुखा।du·khā

    aggikkhandhūpamā dukhā.

    as painful as a mass of fire.

  64. 64

    परिपन्थोpa·ri·pan·tho एसe·sa भयो,bha·yo

    Paripantho esa bhayo,

    This is a roadblock, a threat,

  65. 65

    सविघातोsa·vi·ghā·to सकण्टको;sa·kaṇ·ṭa·ko

    savighāto sakaṇṭako;

    full of distress and thorns;

  66. 66

    गेधोge·dho सुविसमोsu·vi·sa·mo चेसो,ce·so

    Gedho suvisamo ceso,

    it is a blind spot, uneven,

  67. 67

    महन्तोma·han·to मोहनामुखो।mo·ha·nā·mu·kho

    mahanto mohanāmukho.

    a great gateway to confusion.

  68. 68

    उपसग्गोu·pa·sag·go भीमरूपो,bhī·ma·rū·po

    Upasaggo bhīmarūpo,

    Hazardous and terrifying,

  69. 69

    कामाkā·mā सप्पसिरूपमा;sap·pa·si·rū·pa·mā

    kāmā sappasirūpamā;

    sensual pleasures are like a cobra’s head,

  70. 70

    येye बालाbā·lā अभिनन्दन्ति,a·bhi·nan·dan·ti

    Ye bālā abhinandanti,

    where fools delight,

  71. 71

    अन्धभूताan·dha·bhū·tā पुथुज्जना।pu·thuj·ja·nā

    andhabhūtā puthujjanā.

    the blind ordinary folk.

  72. 72

    कामपङ्केनkā·ma·paṅ·ke·na सत्ताsat·tā हि,hi

    Kāmapaṅkena sattā hi,

    Stuck in the swamp of sensuality,

  73. 73

    बहूba·hū लोकेlo·ke अविद्दसू;a·vid·da·sū

    bahū loke aviddasū;

    there are so many ignorant in the world.

  74. 74

    परियन्तंpa·ri·yan·taṃ नna जानन्ति,jā·nan·ti

    Pariyantaṁ na jānanti,

    They know nothing of the end

  75. 75

    जातियाjā·ti·yā मरणस्सma·ra·ṇas·sa च।ca

    jātiyā maraṇassa ca.

    of rebirth and death.

  76. 76

    दुग्गतिगमनंdug·ga·ti·ga·ma·naṃ मग्गं,mag·gaṃ

    Duggatigamanaṁ maggaṁ,

    Because of sensual pleasures,

  77. 77

    मनुस्साma·nus·sā कामहेतुकं;kā·ma·he·tu·kaṃ

    manussā kāmahetukaṁ;

    people jump right on to the path <j>that goes to a bad place.

  78. 78

    बहुंba·huṃ वेve पटिपज्जन्ति,pa·ṭi·paj·jan·ti

    Bahuṁ ve paṭipajjanti,

    So many walk the path

  79. 79

    अत्तनोat·ta·no रोगमावहं।ro·ga·mā·va·haṃ

    attano rogamāvahaṁ.

    that brings disease onto themselves.

  80. 80

    एवंe·vaṃ अमित्तजनना,a·mit·ta·ja·na·nā

    Evaṁ amittajananā,

    That’s how sensual pleasures create enemies;

  81. 81

    तापनाtā·pa·nā सङ्किलेसिका;saṅ·ki·le·si·kā

    tāpanā saṅkilesikā;

    they are so tormenting, so corrupting,

  82. 82

    लोकामिसाlo·kā·mi·sā बन्धनीया,ban·dha·nī·yā

    Lokāmisā bandhanīyā,

    trapping beings with worldly pleasures of the flesh,

  83. 83

    कामाkā·mā मरणबन्धना।ma·ra·ṇa·ban·dha·nā

    kāmā maraṇabandhanā.

    they are nothing less than the bonds of death.

  84. 84

    उम्मादनाum·mā·da·nā उल्लपना,ul·la·pa·nā

    Ummādanā ullapanā,

    Maddening, enticing,

  85. 85

    कामाkā·mā चित्तप्पमद्दिनो;cit·tap·pa·mad·di·no

    kāmā cittappamaddino;

    sensual pleasures derange the mind.

  86. 86

    सत्तानंsat·tā·naṃ सङ्किलेसाय,saṅ·ki·le·sā·ya

    Sattānaṁ saṅkilesāya,

    For the corruption of beings,

  87. 87

    खिप्पंkhip·paṃ मारेनmā·re·na ओड्डितं।oḍ·ḍi·taṃ

    khippaṁ mārena oḍḍitaṁ.

    swiftly ensnared by Māra.

  88. 88

    अनन्तादीनवाa·nan·tā·dī·na·vā कामा,kā·mā

    Anantādīnavā kāmā,

    Sensual pleasures are infinitely dangerous,

  89. 89

    बहुदुक्खाba·hu·duk·khā महाविसा;ma·hā·vi·sā

    bahudukkhā mahāvisā;

    they’re full of suffering, a terrible poison;

  90. 90

    अप्पस्सादाap·pas·sā·dā रणकरा,ra·ṇa·ka·rā

    Appassādā raṇakarā,

    offering little gratification, they’re makers of strife,

  91. 91

    सुक्कपक्खविसोसना।suk·ka·pak·kha·vi·so·sa·nā

    sukkapakkhavisosanā.

    withering bright qualities away.

  92. 92

    साहंsā·haṃ एतादिसंe·tā·di·saṃ कत्वा,kat·vā

    Sāhaṁ etādisaṁ katvā,

    Since I’ve created so much ruination

  93. 93

    ब्यसनंbya·sa·naṃ कामहेतुकं;kā·ma·he·tu·kaṃ

    byasanaṁ kāmahetukaṁ;

    because of sensual pleasures,

  94. 94

    नna तंtaṃ पच्चागमिस्सामि,pac·cā·ga·mis·sā·mi

    Na taṁ paccāgamissāmi,

    I will not relapse to them again,

  95. 95

    निब्बानाभिरताnib·bā·nā·bhi·ra·tā सदा।sa·dā

    nibbānābhiratā sadā.

    but will always delight in extinguishment.

  96. 96

    रणंra·ṇaṃ करित्वाka·rit·vā कामानं,kā·mā·naṃ

    Raṇaṁ karitvā kāmānaṁ,

    Having once made strife <j>for the sake of sensual pleasures,

  97. 97

    सीतिभावाभिकङ्खिनी;sī·ti·bhā·vā·bhi·kaṅ·khi·nī

    sītibhāvābhikaṅkhinī;

    now I am longing for that cool state.

  98. 98

    अप्पमत्ताap·pa·mat·tā विहस्सामि,vi·has·sā·mi

    Appamattā vihassāmi,

    I shall meditate diligently

  99. 99

    सब्बसंयोजनक्खये।sab·ba·saṃ·yo·ja·nak·kha·ye

    sabbasaṁyojanakkhaye.

    for the ending of all fetters.

  100. 100

    असोकंa·so·kaṃ विरजंvi·ra·jaṃ खेमं,khe·maṃ

    Asokaṁ virajaṁ khemaṁ,

    Sorrowless, stainless, secure—

  101. 101

    अरियट्ठङ्गिकंa·ri·yaṭ·ṭhaṅ·gi·kaṃ उजुं;u·juṃ

    ariyaṭṭhaṅgikaṁ ujuṁ;

    I follow that path,

  102. 102

    तंtaṃ मग्गंmag·gaṃ अनुगच्छामि,a·nu·gac·chā·mi

    Taṁ maggaṁ anugacchāmi,

    the straight noble eightfold way

  103. 103

    येनye·na तिण्णाtiṇ·ṇā महेसिनो”।ma·he·si·no

    yena tiṇṇā mahesino”.

    by which the seers have crossed over.”

  104. 104

    “इमंi·maṃ पस्सथpas·sa·tha धम्मट्ठं,dham·maṭ·ṭhaṃ

    “Imaṁ passatha dhammaṭṭhaṁ,

    “Look at this: Subhā the smith’s daughter,

  105. 105

    सुभंsu·bhaṃ कम्मारधीतरं;kam·mā·ra·dhī·ta·raṃ

    subhaṁ kammāradhītaraṁ;

    standing firm in the teaching.

  106. 106

    अनेजंa·ne·jaṃ उपसम्पज्ज,u·pa·sam·paj·ja

    Anejaṁ upasampajja,

    She has entered the imperturbable state,

  107. 107

    रुक्खमूलम्हिruk·kha·mū·lam·hi झायति।jhā·ya·ti

    rukkhamūlamhi jhāyati.

    meditating at the root of a tree.

  108. 108

    अज्जट्ठमीaj·jaṭ·ṭha·mī पब्बजिता,pab·ba·ji·tā

    Ajjaṭṭhamī pabbajitā,

    It’s just eight days since she went forth,

  109. 109

    सद्धाsad·dhā सद्धम्मसोभना;sad·dham·ma·so·bha·nā

    saddhā saddhammasobhanā;

    the faithful one, grace of the true teaching.

  110. 110

    विनीतुप्पलवण्णाय,vi·nī·tup·pa·la·vaṇ·ṇā·ya

    Vinītuppalavaṇṇāya,

    Guided by Uppalavaṇṇā,

  111. 111

    तेविज्जाte·vij·jā मच्चुहायिनी।mac·cu·hā·yi·nī

    tevijjā maccuhāyinī.

    she is master of the three knowledges, <j>conqueror of death.

  112. 112

    सायंsā·yaṃ भुजिस्साbhu·jis·sā अनणा,a·na·ṇā

    Sāyaṁ bhujissā anaṇā,

    This one is freed from slavery and debt,

  113. 113

    भिक्खुनीbhik·khu·nī भावितिन्द्रिया;bhā·vi·tin·dri·yā

    bhikkhunī bhāvitindriyā;

    a nun with faculties developed.

  114. 114

    सब्बयोगविसंयुत्ता,sab·ba·yo·ga·vi·saṃ·yut·tā

    Sabbayogavisaṁyuttā,

    Unyoked from all yokes,

  115. 115

    कतकिच्चाka·ta·kic·cā अनासवा”।a·nā·sa·vā

    katakiccā anāsavā”.

    she has completed the task <j>and is free of defilements.”

  116. 116

    तंtaṃ सक्कोsak·ko देवसङ्घेन,de·va·saṅ·ghe·na

    Taṁ sakko devasaṅghena,

    Thus did Sakka, lord of all creatures,

  117. 117

    उपसङ्कम्मu·pa·saṅ·kam·ma इद्धिया;id·dhi·yā

    upasaṅkamma iddhiyā;

    along with a host of gods,

  118. 118

    नमस्सतिna·mas·sa·ti भूतपति,bhū·ta·pa·ti

    Namassati bhūtapati,

    having come by their psychic powers,

  119. 119

    सुभंsu·bhaṃ कम्मारधीतरन्ति।kam·mā·ra·dhī·ta·ran·ti

    subhaṁ kammāradhītaranti.

    honor Subhā, the smith’s daughter.

  120. 120

    … सुभाsu·bhā कम्मारधीताkam·mā·ra·dhī·tā थेरीthe·rī …।

    … Subhā kammāradhītā therī ….

    (Pāli only)

  121. 121

    वीसतिनिपातोvī·sa·ti·ni·pā·to निट्ठितो।niṭ·ṭhi·to

    Vīsatinipāto niṭṭhito.

    (Pāli only)

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.