Klryz
Pronunciation guide: IPA symbols, stress and word endings

Vowels

iːseeɪsite / ɛbedæcat
ɑːfatherɒhot (UK)ɔːlawʊput
uːtooʌcupɜːbirdəabout
eɪdayaɪmyɔɪboyaʊnow
əʊ / oʊgo (UK / US)ɪəneareəhairʊətour

Consonants that look unusual

θthinðthisʃsheʒmeasure
tʃchurchdʒjudgeŋsingjyes

p b t d k g f v s z h m n l r w sound as in ordinary English spelling.

Marks

  • ˈ main stress, before the stressed syllable: /ˈwɔːtə/ water · ˌ lighter (secondary) stress: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understand
  • ː a long vowel · (r) an r said only in accents that pronounce it (most American, Scottish, Irish)

Common word endings

  • -s / -es (plurals; he/she form of verbs): /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), /z/ after voiced (dogs), /ɪz/ after s, z, sh, ch, j sounds (buses, watches). Spelling: -es after s, x, z, ch, sh; consonant + y → -ies (city → cities).
  • -ed (past): /t/ after voiceless sounds (walked), /d/ after voiced (played), /ɪd/ after t or d (wanted). Spelling: love → loved, stop → stopped, carry → carried.
  • -ing: make → making, run → running, see → seeing.
  • Irregular: go, went, gone · be, was, been · see, saw, seen · man → men · child → children · mouse → mice.
  • Older (King James) forms: -eth = -s (he loveth = he loves) · -est with “thou” (thou lovest) · spake = spoke.

English Dictionary · 107,383 entries · Sources & licences

sod

UK /sɒd/ · US /sɑd/ noun, verb, interjection, adjective

Also a form of seethe

Forms sods sodding sodded

  1. noun (uncountable) The stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward.
  2. noun (uncountable) Turf grown and cut specifically for the establishment of lawns. “The landscapers rolled sod onto the bare earth and made a presentable lawn by nightfall.”
  3. noun (countable) A piece of this.
  4. verb To cover with sod. “He sodded the worn areas twice a year.”
  5. noun (UK, Ireland, vulgar, dated) Sodomite; bugger.
  6. noun (UK, Ireland, slang, mildly derogatory, formerly considered vulgar) A person; often qualified with an adjective. “You mean old sod!”
  7. noun (UK, Ireland, mildly vulgar) Any trifling amount, a bugger, a damn, a jot. “I don’t care a sod.”
  8. interjection (UK, Ireland, vulgar) expression of annoyance.
  9. verb (transitive, UK, Ireland, slang, vulgar) Bugger; sodomize.
  10. verb (transitive, UK, Ireland, slang, vulgar) Damn, curse, confound. “Sod him!/Sod it!/Sod that bastard!”
  11. adjective (obsolete) Boiled. “Beer, if it be over-new, or over-stale, over-strong, or not sod,[…]is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, etc.”
  12. adjective (Australia, of bread) Sodden; incompletely risen. “sod damper”
  13. noun (Australia, colloquial) A damper (bread) which has failed to rise, remaining a flat lump.
  14. noun The rock dove.

Synonyms

BOD turf sward greensward superoxide dismutase sodomite sodomist bugger

Antonyms

EOD EOB COB EOW

Etymology

From Middle English sod, sodde first attested in the mid-15th century, from Middle Dutch zoden (“turf”) or Middle Low German sôde, soede (“turf”), both related to Dutch zode (“turf”), German Sode (“turf”), Old Frisian sātha (“sod”), all being of uncertain ultimate origin.

Clipping of sodomite or sodomize.

From the Old English plural past tense, or a back-formation from the past participle sodden.

Webster’s 1913

  1. noun The rock dove. [Prov. Eng.]
  2. imp. of Seethe.
  3. noun That stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward.
  4. verb To cover with sod; to turf.

Etymology [Akin to LG. sode, D. zode, OD. sode, soode, OFries. satha, and E. seethe. So named from its sodden state in wet weather. See Seethe.]

Sources: Wiktionary · WordNet 3.0 · Webster’s 1913 — from the Wiktionary entry “sod”, CC BY-SA 4.0. Details