Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 209 of 554
- तारणि tāraṇi= taraṇi, a boat, ship.
- तारणेय tāraṇeyaa patronymic of Yāja and Upa-yāja.
- तारयितृ tārayitṛa liberator, promoter, promoting, liberating.
- तारायण tārāyaṇathe tree of salvation, the holy fig-tree.
- तारिक tārikafare, freight, toll for passage.
- तारिका tārikāSee under tāraka, col. 1.
- तारित tāritamade to cross, conveyed across, saved.
- तारिन् tārinenabling or causing to get over or across, saving; (iṇī), f. a form of Durgā, = dvitīyā…
- तारेय tāreyaa metronymic of the monkey Aṅgada;
- तार्य tāryato be crossed, passable, to be carried across, to be ferried over, to be conquered or…
- तारक्षति tārakṣatiand tirikṣati, name of a district to the west of Madhya-deśa.
- तारतम्य tāratamya(an abstract noun from tara+tama, the affixes of the comparative and superlative…
- तारदी tāradīa kind of plant, = taradī; also read tāraṭī (taraṭī).
- तारल tāralaunsteady; libidinous, dissipated, a lecher.
- तारल्य tāralyatremulousness, unsteadiness, libidinousness, wantonness.
- ताराज् tā-rājname of a kind of Virāj metre.
- तारिक tārikaSee under tāra above.
- तारीष tārīṣaan incorrect form for tāvīṣa, q.v.
- तारुक्षायणि tārukṣāyaṇia patronymic from Tarukṣa.
- तारुक्ष्य tārukṣyaa patronymic from Tarukṣa; (the fem. is tārukṣyāyaṇī.)
- तारुण tāruṇayouthful, young, adolescent.
- तारुण्य tāruṇyayouth, youthfulness.
- तार्कव tārkavaspun, woven, made with a spindle, belonging to a spindle.
- तार्किक tārkikarelated or belonging to the science of reasoning or logic, belonging to philosophy; (as)…
- तार्क्ष tārkṣaa kind of bird; a kind of plant; a name of Kaśyapa; a wrong reading for tārkṣya, i.e…
- तार्क्षाक tārkṣākaa patronymic from Tṛkṣāka.
- तार्क्ष्य tārkṣyaname of a mythical being, described either as a horse or bird, and originally one of the…
- तार्क्ष्यायण tārkṣyāyaṇaa patronymic from Tārkṣya.
- तार्ण tārṇamade of grass; levied from grass (as a tax); (as, ī), m. f. a patronymic from Tṛṇa.
- तार्णक tārṇakaan adjective derived from Tṛṇakīyā.
- तार्णकर्ण tārṇakarṇaa patronymic from Tṛṇa-karṇa.
- तार्णविन्दवीय tārṇavindavīyasacred to Tṛṇavindu.
- तार्णायन tārṇāyanaa patronymic from Tṛṇa.
- तार्तीय tārtīyaor ī (?), am, belonging to the third; the third; (am), n. a third part.
- तार्तीयक tārtīyakabelonging to the third, third.
- तार्तीयीक tārtīyīkathe third.
- तार्प्य tārpyaa garment made of a particular vegetable substance;
- तार्य tāryaSee col. 2.
- तार्ष्टाघ tārṣṭāghaa kind of tree; (as, ī, am), coming from or belonging to this tree.
- ताल tālathe palmyra-tree or fan-palm, Borassus Flabelliformis, from the juice of which a sort of…
- तालक tālakaa kind of poisonous insect; name of a teacher; of a prince; (ikā), f. the open palm of…
- तालि tāliCorypha Taliera; Flacourtia Cataphracta;
- तालिक tālikathe open palm of the hand; clapping the hands; a tie, seal, string or cover for binding a…
- तालित tālitadyed or coloured cloth; a string, a tie; any musical instrument.
- तालिन् tālin‘furnished with cymbals,’ an epithet of Śiva; (inas), m. pl. the pupils of Tala.
- ताली tālīcompounded as a gati (q.v.) with the roots as, bhū, and kṛ; see also tālī under tāla, p…
- तालीयक tālīyakaor am, m. or n. (?), a cymbal.
- तालकट tālakaṭaor tālikaṭa or tālākaṭa, as, m., name of a country.
- तालव्य tālavyaSee under tālu below.
- तालित tālitaSee above.
- तालिश tāliśaa mountain.
- तालीश tālīśaname of a tree or its leaf.
- तालु tāluthe palate.
- तालव्य tālavyarelating to the palate, palatal; (the palatal letters are formed by the contact of the…
- तालुक tālukathe palate; a disease of the palate; tālukā, e, f. du. the two arteries of the palate.
- तालुकिन् tālukinSee kāka-tālukin.
- तालूषक tālūṣakathe palate.
- तालुक्ष्य tālukṣyaa patronymic from Talukṣa; (the fem. is tālukṣyāyaṇī.)
- तालुन tālunaadj. formed fr. taluna.
- तालूर tālūraa whirlpool, an eddy;
- ताल्प tālpa= talpya, offspring of the marriage-bed.
- तावक tāvakaas, ī, am, thy, thine.
- तावकीन tāvakīnaor ī (?), am, thine.
- तावत् tāvatso great, so large, so much, so far, so long, so many, such; tāvatā, ind. in the mean…
- तावतिक tāvatikabought for so much, worth so much, of so great value;
- तावतिथ tāvatithathe so manieth, such a one (of a number).
- तावत्क tāvatkabought for so much, worth so much, of so much value, etc.;
- तावर tāvaraa bow-string.
- ताविष tāviṣathe ocean; heaven or paradise; gold;
- तावीष tāvīṣathe ocean; heaven or paradise; gold; (ī), f. a river; the earth; name of a daughter of…
- तावुरि tāvurithe sign of the Zodiac Taurus.
- तासीर tāsīraq.v.
- तास्कर्य tāskaryatheft, robbery, larceny.
- तास्यन्द्र tāsyandraor tāsvindra, am, n., name of a Sāman.
- ति tiin the Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa.
- तिक् tiktekate, etc., to go or move; cl. 5. P. tiknoti, etc., to go or move; to assail, assault…
- तिक tikaname of a man.
- तिकीय tikīyaan adj. derived from Tika.
- तिक्त tiktaSee rt. tij, p. 373, col. 1.
- तिग् tigtignoti, etc., to go or move; to assail, assault; to seek to injure or kill;
- तिगल tigalaname of a man.
- तिग्म tigmaSee next page, col. 2.
- तिघ् tightighnoti, etc., to strike; to hurt or kill.
- तिङ्गुद tiṅguda(a wrong reading for tinduka), name of a plant.
- तिज् tijtejati, -te, Vedic Inf. tejase, to be or become sharp; to sharpen: Caus. P. tejayati…
- तिक्त tiktabitter (as sharpening the appetite), pungent; fragrant; (as), m. a bitter taste; one of…
- तिक्तक tiktakabitter; anything having a bitter flavour; (as), m., name of several plants, viz…
- तिगित tigitasharp, pointed.
- तिग्म tigmasharp, pointed (as a weapon or as flame or a ray of light); violent; hot; pungent, acrid…
- तितिक्ष titikṣaname of a man; (ā), f. endurance, patience, resignation, suffering, forbearance; Patience…
- तितिक्षित titikṣitaborne, endured, suffered.
- तितिक्षु titikṣubearing, enduring patiently, patient, resigned, forbearing; (us), m., name of a son of…
- तिजिल tijilathe moon; a Rakṣas.
- तिटिभ tiṭibhaa particular high number; (also read tiṭilambha.)
- तिणिस tiṇisa= tiniśa, q.v.
- तिण्टी tiṇṭīa plant, commonly Teori, Convolvulus Turpethum (= tri-vṛt).
- तितउ tita-ua sieve, a cribble; a parasol;
- तितनिषु titaniṣudesirous of extending or enlarging.
- तितिक्ष titikṣaSee above.
- तितिभ titibhaan insect, cochineal.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).