Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 211 of 554
- तीम् tīmtīmyati, etc., to be wet or moist;
- तीर् tīrto accomplish, (better regarded as a nominal verb; see under tīra below.)
- तीर tīraa shore, a bank; margin, brink, edge; the brim of a vessel; a sort of arrow; (as), m…
- तीरय tīrayatīrayati, -yitum, to get through, cross over, to finish, accomplish, complete…
- तीरित tīritafinished, settled, completed, adjudged, decided according to evidence; (am), n…
- तीरण tīraṇaa kind of plant, = karañjikā.
- तीराट tīrāṭa= tirīṭa, Symplocos Racemosa.
- तीरु tīruperhaps a wrong reading for bhīru.
- तीर्ण tīrṇaSee under rt. tṝ.
- तीर्त्वा tīrtvāSee under rt. tṝ.
- तीर्थ tīrthaa passage, way, road, ford; especially a Ghāt or the stairs of a landing-place, a descent…
- तीर्थक tīrthakaholy, sacred, venerable; (as), m. an ascetic Brāhman; name of a Nāga.
- तीर्थिक tīrthikaan ascetic Brāhman (visiting holy shrines or bathing-places), a pilgrim.
- तीर्थीकृ tīrthī-kṛ-karoti, -kurute, -kartum, to make sacred.
- तीर्थीभूत tīrthī-bhūtabecome sacred.
- तीर्थ्य tīrthyarelating to a ford or to a sacred bathing-place, etc.; (as), m. an ascetic;
- तीव् tīvtīvati, etc., to be large or strong, to be fat or corpulent;
- तीवर tīvarathe ocean; a hunter, the adulterine offspring of a Rājaputrī by a Kṣatriya; one who lives…
- तीव्र tīvrastrong, severe, violent, intense, fierce, ardent, impetuous, sharp, keen, acute…
- तीव्रय tīvraya-yati, -yitum, to make sharp, strengthen.
- तीसट tīsaṭaname of a writer on medicine.
- तु1 tuthe base of some of the cases of the 2nd personal pronoun;
- तु2 tutavīti and tauti, tūtāva, totum and tavitum, to have authority or power, to be strong; to…
- तु3 tu. As a particle implying ‘earnest entreaty’ or ‘urgent request’ it is often used in the…
- तु tuis sometimes, however, used for ca, ‘and’; and even for vā, ‘or’. Sometimes it appears to…
- तुःखार tuḥkhāraname of a race of people; (as), m. a man of this race.
- तुक् tukSee 1. tuc below.
- तुकज्योतिर्विद् tuka-jyotir-vidname of an astronomer.
- तुकाक्षीरी tukākṣīrī= tugākṣīrī, the manna of bamboos.
- तुक्क tukkaname of a man.
- तुखार tukhāraname of a non-Hindū people to the north-west of Madhya-deśa; (often written tuṣāra);
- तुगा tugāthe so-called Tabāṣīr, a white secretion found sometimes in the joints of bamboos, the…
- तुग्र tugraname of the father of Bhujyu who was protected by the Aśvins; name of an enemy of Indra…
- तुग्रिय tugriya= tugrya.
- तुग्र्य tugryaa patronymic of Bhujyu; name of a man or of a race; (ā), f. water.
- तुग्वन् tugvan= tīrtha, q.v.
- तुङ्ग tuṅgaSee under rt. 2. tuj next col.
- तुच्1 tucor 1. tuj, k, f., Vedic offspring, children, propagation;
- तुजि tujipropagation, begetting children; (is), m., Vedic, name of a man protected by Indra.
- तुच्2 tucin ā-tuc (q.v.), growing dusk.
- तुच्छ tucchaempty, void, vain, light; small, little, trifling; abandoned, deserted; low, mean…
- तुच्छक tucchakavoid, empty, etc., = tuccha.
- तुच्छय tucchayatucchayati, etc., to make empty or poor.
- तुच्छीकृ tucchī-kṛ-karoti, -kurute, -kartum, to consider as vain or idle, to despise, contemn.
- तुच्छ्य tucchyavoid, empty, vain.
- तुज्1 tujSee 1. tuc above.
- तुज्2 tujor tuñj, cl. 1. 6. P., Vedic tojati, tujati, tutoja, tojitum, or cl. 1. P. tuñjati…
- तुङ्ग tuṅgahigh, elevated, prominent, erect, lofty; long; vaulted; chief, principal; strong…
- तुङ्गक tuṅgakathe tree Rottleria Tinctoria; (am), n., name of a sacred forest.
- तुङ्गिन् tuṅginhigh, lofty; (ī), m. a planet at the apex of its orbit or of its position with regard to…
- तुज्3 tuj(?), f., Vedic shock, impulse; pressure; assault; (k, k, k), pressing, urging on…
- तुज्य tujyato be struck or pushed, to be impelled.
- तुञ्ज tuñjashock, assault; a Daitya, a demon; a thunderbolt; giving; (as, ā, am), noxious…
- तुजि tujiSee under 1. tuc, col. 2.
- तुञ्जीन tuñjīnaname of several kings of Kaśmīra.
- तुट् tuṭtuṭati, tutoṭa, tuṭitum, to dispute, quarrel, wrangle; to hurt or injure: Caus. P…
- तुटितुट tuṭituṭaa name of Śiva.
- तुटुम tuṭumaa mouse or rat.
- तुड् tuḍtoḍati, tuḍati, tutoḍa, toḍitum or tuḍitum, to tear, split, break, cut, pull to pieces…
- तुड्ड् tuḍḍtuḍḍati, etc., to disrespect, disregard, contemn;
- तुण् tuṇtuṇati, tutoṇa, toṇitum, to curve, bend or make crooked; to be crooked or curved; to act…
- तुणि tuṇi= kuṇi = tunna, the tree Cedula Toona.
- तुणिक tuṇikaname of a tree, = nandī-vṛkṣa.
- तुण्ड् tuṇḍtuṇḍate, etc., = tuḍ.
- तुण्ड tuṇḍa(according to some also as, m.), a beak, snout (of a hog etc.), trunk (of an elephant)…
- तुण्डक tuṇḍakaabove.
- तुण्डकेरिका tuṇḍakerikā= tuṇḍikerī, the cotton plant.
- तुण्डकेरी tuṇḍakerīa cucurbitaceous plant, Momordica Monadelpha.
- तुण्डि tuṇḍia beak, the mouth, the face; (is), f. the navel, a prominent navel; emphysema or…
- तुण्डिक tuṇḍikafurnished with a trunk or snout; (ā), f. the navel; the plant Momordica Monadelpha;
- तुण्डिकेर tuṇḍikeraname of a race; (as), m. the prince of this race; (ī), f. the cotton plant; a kind of…
- तुण्डिकेरिका tuṇḍikerikāMomordica Monadelpha.
- तुण्डिकेरिन् tuṇḍikerina species of poisonous insect.
- तुण्डिकेशी tuṇḍikeśīa sort of gourd, Momordica Monadelpha.
- तुण्डिचेल tuṇḍicelaa particular kind of costly garment.
- तुण्डिभ tuṇḍibhahaving a prominent or elevated navel;
- तुण्डिल tuṇḍilatalkative; speaking harshly or severely; loquacious; having a prominent or elevated navel;
- तुण्डेल tuṇḍelaname of a kind of evil spirit or goblin.
- तुतात tutātaname of the founder of a philosophical system;
- तुतुर्वणि tuturvaṇistriving to bring near or obtain; (Sāy.) acting with alacrity, acting speedily;
- तुत्थ tutthafire; (ā), f. the Indigo plant; small cardamoms; (am), n. blue vitriol, sulphate of…
- तुत्थक tutthakablue vitriol.
- तुत्थय tutthaya(originally ‘to cover with blue vitriol ?’), nom. P. tutthayati, -yitum, to screen, veil…
- तुथ tuthaoccurring in certain formularies, (explained in commentaries by brahma-rūpa, ‘having the…
- तुद्1 tudtudati, -te, tutoda, tutude, totsyati, -te, atautsīt, atutta, tottum, to strike, hit…
- तुद्2 tud(at the end of a comp.) striking, pricking, goading.
- तुद tuda(at the end of a comp.) striking, pricking, stinging, paining, tormenting; (as), m., name…
- तुन्न tunnastruck, hit; pricked; goaded, tormented, hurt, vexed, injured; cut, broken, cut down…
- तुन tuna(?), Vedic a various reading (in the Sāma-veda) for tana, posterity.
- तुन्द् tundtundati, etc., to be busy, active; to search, seek;
- तुन्द tundaa protuberant belly, the belly, abdomen; (as, ī), m. f. the navel.
- तुन्दि tundithe belly; (is), f. the navel; (is), m., name of a Gandharva.
- तुन्दिक tundikahaving a large or prominent navel or belly, fat, corpulent; (ā), f. the navel.
- तुन्दिकर tundikarathe navel.
- तुन्दित tunditaor tundin, ī, inī, i, or tundibha or tundila, as, ā, am, having a large or prominent…
- तुन्न tunnaSee under rt. 1. tud above.
- तुप् tupor tuph or tump or tumph, cl. 1. 6. P. topati, tupati, tophati, tuphati, tumpati…
- तुबरी tubarī= tumbarī, coriander; a bitch.
- तुभ् tubh4. 9. P. tobhate, tubhyati, tubhnāti, tutobha, tutubhe, tobhitum, to push, to kill, hurt…
- तुभ tubha= stubha, a goat.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).