Scripture · Sanskrit Bible with the King James Version · the Pāli Canon
Acts 1 प्रेरितानां कर्म्मणामाख्यानं 1
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Each verse: the King James English, then the Sanskrit, its transliteration (IAST) and how to say it, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum, ḥ = soft breath echoing the vowel).
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1
हेhe थियफिलthi·ya·phi·la, यीशुःyī·śuḥ स्वमनोनीतान्sva·ma·no·nī·tān प्रेरितान्pre·ri·tān पवित्रेणात्मनाpa·vit·re·ṇāt·ma·nā समादिश्यsa·mā·diś·ya यस्मिन्yas·min दिनेdi·ne स्वर्गमारोहत्svar·ga·mā·ro·hat यांyāṃ यांyāṃ क्रियामकरोत्kri·yā·ma·ka·rot यद्यद्yad·yad उपादिशच्चu·pā·di·śac·ca तानिtā·ni सर्व्वाणिsar·vā·ṇi पूर्व्वंpūr·vaṃ मयाma·yā लिखितानिli·khi·tā·ni।
he thiyaphila, yīśuḥ svamanonītān preritān pavitreṇātmanā samādiśya yasmin dine svargamārohat yāṁ yāṁ kriyāmakarot yadyad upādiśacca tāni sarvvāṇi pūrvvaṁ mayā likhitāni|
The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach,
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2
सsa स्वनिधनदुःखभोगात्sva·ni·dha·na·duḥ·kha·bho·gāt परम्pa·ram अनेकप्रत्ययक्षप्रमाणौःa·ne·kap·rat·ya·yak·ṣap·ra·mā·ṇauḥ स्वंsvaṃ सजीवंsa·jī·vaṃ दर्शयित्वाdar·śa·yit·vā
sa svanidhanaduḥkhabhogāt param anekapratyayakṣapramāṇauḥ svaṁ sajīvaṁ darśayitvā
Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen:
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3
चत्वारिंशद्दिनानिcat·vā·riṃ·śad·di·nā·ni यावत्yā·vat तेभ्यःtebh·yaḥ प्रेरितेभ्योpre·ri·tebh·yo दर्शनंdar·śa·naṃ दत्त्वेश्वरीयराज्यस्यdat·tveś·va·rī·ya·rāj·yas·ya वर्णनमvar·ṇa·na·ma अकरोत्a·ka·rot।
catvāriṁśaddināni yāvat tebhyaḥ preritebhyo darśanaṁ dattveśvarīyarājyasya varṇanama akarot|
To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God:
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4
अनन्तरंa·nan·ta·raṃ तेषांte·ṣāṃ सभांsa·bhāṃ कृत्वाkṛt·vā इत्याज्ञापयत्it·yāj·ñā·pa·yat, यूयंyū·yaṃ यिरूशालमोऽन्यत्रyi·rū·śā·la·mon·yat·ra गमनमकृत्वाga·ma·na·ma·kṛt·vā यस्तिन्yas·tin पित्राङ्गीकृतेpit·rāṅ·gī·kṛ·te ममma·ma वदनात्va·da·nāt कथाka·thā अशृणुतa·śṛ·ṇu·ta तत्प्राप्तिम्tat·prāp·tim अपेक्ष्यa·pek·ṣya तिष्ठतtiṣ·ṭha·ta।
anantaraṁ teṣāṁ sabhāṁ kṛtvā ityājñāpayat, yūyaṁ yirūśālamo'nyatra gamanamakṛtvā yastin pitrāṅgīkṛte mama vadanāt kathā aśṛṇuta tatprāptim apekṣya tiṣṭhata|
And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me.
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5
योहन्yo·han जलेja·le मज्जितावान्maj·ji·tā·vān किन्त्वल्पदिनमध्येkin·tval·pa·di·na·madh·ye यूयंyū·yaṃ पवित्रpa·vit·ra आत्मनिāt·ma·ni मज्जिताmaj·ji·tā भविष्यथbha·viṣ·ya·tha।
yohan jale majjitāvān kintvalpadinamadhye yūyaṁ pavitra ātmani majjitā bhaviṣyatha|
For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence.
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6
पश्चात्paś·cāt तेte सर्व्वेsar·ve मिलित्वाmi·lit·vā तम्tam अपृच्छन्a·pṛc·chan हेhe प्रभोpra·bho भवान्bha·vān किमिदानींki·mi·dā·nīṃ पुनरपिpu·na·ra·pi राज्यम्rāj·yam इस्रायेलीयलोकानांis·rā·ye·lī·ya·lo·kā·nāṃ करेषुka·re·ṣu समर्पयिष्यतिsa·mar·pa·yiṣ·ya·ti?
paścāt te sarvve militvā tam apṛcchan he prabho bhavān kimidānīṁ punarapi rājyam isrāyelīyalokānāṁ kareṣu samarpayiṣyati?
When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?
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7
ततःta·taḥ सोवदत्so·va·dat यान्yān सर्व्वान्sar·vān कालान्kā·lān समयांश्चsa·ma·yāṃ·śca पिताpi·tā स्ववशेऽस्थापयत्sva·va·śes·thā·pa·yat तान्tān ज्ञातृंjñā·tṛṃ युष्माकम्yuṣ·mā·kam अधिकारोa·dhi·kā·ro नna जायतेjā·ya·te।
tataḥ sovadat yān sarvvān kālān samayāṁśca pitā svavaśe'sthāpayat tān jñātṛṁ yuṣmākam adhikāro na jāyate|
And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power.
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8
किन्तुkin·tu युष्मासुyuṣ·mā·su पवित्रस्यात्मनpa·vit·ras·yāt·ma·na आविर्भावेā·vir·bhā·ve सतिsa·ti यूयंyū·yaṃ शक्तिंśak·tiṃ प्राप्यprāp·ya यिरूशालमिyi·rū·śā·la·mi समस्तयिहूदाशोमिरोणदेशयोःsa·mas·ta·yi·hū·dā·śo·mi·ro·ṇa·de·śa·yoḥ पृथिव्याःpṛ·thiv·yāḥ सीमांsī·māṃ यावद्yā·vad यावन्तोyā·van·to देशास्तेषुde·śās·te·ṣu यर्व्वेषुyar·ve·ṣu चca मयिma·yi साक्ष्यंsāk·ṣyaṃ दास्यथdās·ya·tha।
kintu yuṣmāsu pavitrasyātmana āvirbhāve sati yūyaṁ śaktiṁ prāpya yirūśālami samastayihūdāśomiroṇadeśayoḥ pṛthivyāḥ sīmāṁ yāvad yāvanto deśāsteṣu yarvveṣu ca mayi sākṣyaṁ dāsyatha|
But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judæa, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.
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9
इतिi·ti वाक्यमुक्त्वाvāk·ya·muk·tvā सsa तेषांte·ṣāṃ समक्षंsa·mak·ṣaṃ स्वर्गंsvar·gaṃ नीतोऽभवत्nī·to·bha·vat, ततोta·to मेघमारुह्यme·gha·mā·ruh·ya तेषांte·ṣāṃ दृष्टेरगोचरोऽभवत्dṛṣ·ṭe·ra·go·ca·ro·bha·vat।
iti vākyamuktvā sa teṣāṁ samakṣaṁ svargaṁ nīto'bhavat, tato meghamāruhya teṣāṁ dṛṣṭeragocaro'bhavat|
And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.
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10
यस्मिन्yas·min समयेsa·ma·ye तेte विहायसंvi·hā·ya·saṃ प्रत्यनन्यदृष्ट्याprat·ya·nan·ya·dṛṣ·ṭyā तस्यtas·ya तादृशम्tā·dṛ·śam ऊर्द्व्वगमनम्ūr·dvva·ga·ma·nam अपश्यन्a·paś·yan तस्मिन्नेवtas·min·ne·va समयेsa·ma·ye शुक्लवस्त्रौśuk·la·vas·trau द्वौdvau जनौja·nau तेषांte·ṣāṃ सन्निधौsan·ni·dhau दण्डायमानौdaṇ·ḍā·ya·mā·nau कथितवन्तौka·thi·ta·van·tau,
yasmin samaye te vihāyasaṁ pratyananyadṛṣṭyā tasya tādṛśam ūrdvvagamanam apaśyan tasminneva samaye śuklavastrau dvau janau teṣāṁ sannidhau daṇḍāyamānau kathitavantau,
And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel;
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11
हेhe गालीलीयलोकाgā·lī·lī·ya·lo·kā यूयंyū·yaṃ किमर्थंki·mar·thaṃ गगणंga·ga·ṇaṃ प्रतिpra·ti निरीक्ष्यni·rīk·ṣya दण्डायमानास्तिष्ठथdaṇ·ḍā·ya·mā·nās·tiṣ·ṭha·tha? युष्माकंyuṣ·mā·kaṃ समीपात्sa·mī·pāt स्वर्गंsvar·gaṃ नीतोnī·to योyo यीशुस्तंyī·śus·taṃ यूयंyū·yaṃ यथाya·thā स्वर्गम्svar·gam आरोहन्तम्ā·ro·han·tam अदर्शम्a·dar·śam तथाta·thā सsa पुनश्चागमिष्यतिpu·naś·cā·ga·miṣ·ya·ti।
he gālīlīyalokā yūyaṁ kimarthaṁ gagaṇaṁ prati nirīkṣya daṇḍāyamānāstiṣṭhatha? yuṣmākaṁ samīpāt svargaṁ nīto yo yīśustaṁ yūyaṁ yathā svargam ārohantam adarśam tathā sa punaścāgamiṣyati|
Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.
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12
ततःta·taḥ परंpa·raṃ तेte जैतुननाम्नःjai·tu·na·nām·naḥ पर्व्वताद्par·va·tād विश्रामवारस्यviś·rā·ma·vā·ras·ya पथःpa·thaḥ परिमाणम्pa·ri·mā·ṇam अर्थात्ar·thāt प्रायेणार्द्धक्रोशंprā·ye·ṇār·ddhak·ro·śaṃ दुरस्थंdu·ras·thaṃ यिरूशालम्नगरंyi·rū·śā·lam·na·ga·raṃ परावृत्यागच्छन्pa·rā·vṛt·yā·gac·chan।
tataḥ paraṁ te jaitunanāmnaḥ parvvatād viśrāmavārasya pathaḥ parimāṇam arthāt prāyeṇārddhakrośaṁ durasthaṁ yirūśālamnagaraṁ parāvṛtyāgacchan|
Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day’s journey.
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13
नगरंna·ga·raṃ प्रविश्यpra·viś·ya पितरोpi·ta·ro याकूब्yā·kūb योहन्yo·han आन्द्रियःān·dri·yaḥ फिलिपःphi·li·paḥ थोमाtho·mā बर्थजमयोbar·tha·ja·ma·yo मथिराल्फीयपुत्रोma·thi·rāl·phī·ya·put·ro याकूब्yā·kūb उद्योगाीud·yo·gā·ī शिमोन्śi·mon याकूबोyā·kū·bo भ्राताbhrā·tā यिहूदाyi·hū·dā एतेe·te सर्व्वेsar·ve यत्रyat·ra स्थानेsthā·ne प्रवसन्तिpra·va·san·ti तस्मिन्tas·min उपरितनप्रकोष्ठेu·pa·ri·ta·nap·ra·koṣ·ṭhe प्राविशन्prā·vi·śan।
nagaraṁ praviśya pitaro yākūb yohan āndriyaḥ philipaḥ thomā barthajamayo mathirālphīyaputro yākūb udyogāी śimon yākūbo bhrātā yihūdā ete sarvve yatra sthāne pravasanti tasmin uparitanaprakoṣṭhe prāviśan|
And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James.
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14
पश्चाद्paś·cād इमेi·me कियत्यःki·yat·yaḥ स्त्रियश्चstri·yaś·ca यीशोyī·śo र्माताrmā·tā मरियम्ma·ri·yam तस्यtas·ya भ्रातरश्चैतेbhrā·ta·raś·cai·te सर्व्वsar·va एकचित्तीभूतe·ka·cit·tī·bhū·ta सततंsa·ta·taṃ विनयेनvi·na·ye·na विनयेनvi·na·ye·na प्रार्थयन्तprār·tha·yan·ta।
paścād ime kiyatyaḥ striyaśca yīśo rmātā mariyam tasya bhrātaraścaite sarvva ekacittībhūta satataṁ vinayena vinayena prārthayanta|
These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren.
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15
तस्मिन्tas·min समयेsa·ma·ye तत्रtat·ra स्थानेsthā·ne साकल्येनsā·kal·ye·na विंशत्यधिकशतंviṃ·śat·ya·dhi·ka·śa·taṃ शिष्याśiṣ·yā आसन्ā·san। ततःta·taḥ पितरस्तेषांpi·ta·ras·te·ṣāṃ मध्येmadh·ye तिष्ठन्tiṣ·ṭhan उक्तवान्uk·ta·vān
tasmin samaye tatra sthāne sākalyena viṁśatyadhikaśataṁ śiṣyā āsan| tataḥ pitarasteṣāṁ madhye tiṣṭhan uktavān
And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,)
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16
हेhe भ्रातृगणbhrā·tṛ·ga·ṇa यीशुधारिणांyī·śu·dhā·ri·ṇāṃ लोकानांlo·kā·nāṃ पथदर्शकोpa·tha·dar·śa·ko योyo यिहूदास्तस्मिन्yi·hū·dās·tas·min दायूदाdā·yū·dā पवित्रpa·vit·ra आत्माāt·mā यांyāṃ कथांka·thāṃ कथयामासka·tha·yā·mā·sa तस्याःtas·yāḥ प्रत्यक्षीभवनस्यावश्यकत्वम्prat·yak·ṣī·bha·va·nas·yā·vaś·ya·kat·vam आसीत्ā·sīt।
he bhrātṛgaṇa yīśudhāriṇāṁ lokānāṁ pathadarśako yo yihūdāstasmin dāyūdā pavitra ātmā yāṁ kathāṁ kathayāmāsa tasyāḥ pratyakṣībhavanasyāvaśyakatvam āsīt|
Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus.
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18
तदनन्तरंta·da·nan·ta·raṃ कुकर्म्मणाku·kar·ma·ṇā लब्धंlab·dhaṃ यन्मूल्यंyan·mūl·yaṃ तेनte·na क्षेत्रमेकंkṣet·ra·me·kaṃ क्रीतम्krī·tam अपरंa·pa·raṃ तस्मिन्tas·min अधोमुखेa·dho·mu·khe भृमौbhṛ·mau पतितेpa·ti·te सतिsa·ti तस्योदरस्यtas·yo·da·ras·ya विदीर्णत्वात्vi·dīr·ṇat·vāt सर्व्वाsar·vā नाड्योnāḍ·yo निरगच्छन्ni·ra·gac·chan।
tadanantaraṁ kukarmmaṇā labdhaṁ yanmūlyaṁ tena kṣetramekaṁ krītam aparaṁ tasmin adhomukhe bhṛmau patite sati tasyodarasya vidīrṇatvāt sarvvā nāḍyo niragacchan|
Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
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एतांe·tāṃ कथांka·thāṃ यिरूशालम्निवासिनःyi·rū·śā·lam·ni·vā·si·naḥ सर्व्वेsar·ve लोकाlo·kā विदान्तिvi·dān·ti; तेषांte·ṣāṃ निजभाषयाni·ja·bhā·ṣa·yā तत्क्षेत्रञ्चtat·kṣet·rañ·ca हकल्दामाha·kal·dā·mā, अर्थात्ar·thāt रक्तक्षेत्रमितिrak·tak·ṣet·ra·mi·ti विख्यातमास्तेvikh·yā·ta·mās·te।
etāṁ kathāṁ yirūśālamnivāsinaḥ sarvve lokā vidānti; teṣāṁ nijabhāṣayā tatkṣetrañca hakaldāmā, arthāt raktakṣetramiti vikhyātamāste|
And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, The field of blood.
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20
अन्यच्चan·yac·ca, निकेतनंni·ke·ta·naṃ तदीयन्तुta·dī·yan·tu शुन्यमेवśun·ya·me·va भविष्यतिbha·viṣ·ya·ti। तस्यtas·ya दूष्येdūṣ·ye निवासार्थंni·vā·sār·thaṃ कोपिko·pi स्थास्यतिsthās·ya·ti नैवnai·va हिhi। अन्यan·ya एवe·va जनस्तस्यja·nas·tas·ya पदंpa·daṃ संप्राप्स्यतिsaṃ·prāp·sya·ti ध्रुवंdhru·vaṃ। इत्थंit·thaṃ गीतपुस्तकेgī·ta·pus·ta·ke लिखितमास्तेli·khi·ta·mās·te।
anyacca, niketanaṁ tadīyantu śunyameva bhaviṣyati| tasya dūṣye nivāsārthaṁ kopi sthāsyati naiva hi| anya eva janastasya padaṁ saṁprāpsyati dhruvaṁ| itthaṁ gītapustake likhitamāste|
For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take.
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21
अतोa·to योहनोyo·ha·no मज्जनम्maj·ja·nam आरभ्यास्माकंā·rabh·yās·mā·kaṃ समीपात्sa·mī·pāt प्रभोpra·bho र्यीशोःryī·śoḥ स्वर्गारोहणदिनंsvar·gā·ro·ha·ṇa·di·naṃ यावत्yā·vat सोस्माकंsos·mā·kaṃ मध्येmadh·ye यावन्तिyā·van·ti दिनानिdi·nā·ni यापितवान्yā·pi·ta·vān
ato yohano majjanam ārabhyāsmākaṁ samīpāt prabho ryīśoḥ svargārohaṇadinaṁ yāvat sosmākaṁ madhye yāvanti dināni yāpitavān
Wherefore of these men which have companied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us,
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22
तावन्तिtā·van·ti दिनानिdi·nā·ni येye मानवाmā·na·vā अस्माभिःas·mā·bhiḥ सार्द्धंsār·ddhaṃ तिष्ठन्तिtiṣ·ṭhan·ti तेषाम्te·ṣām एकेनe·ke·na जनेनास्माभिःja·ne·nās·mā·bhiḥ सार्द्धंsār·ddhaṃ यीशोरुत्थानेyī·śo·rut·thā·ne साक्षिणाsāk·ṣi·ṇā भवितव्यंbha·vi·tav·yaṃ।
tāvanti dināni ye mānavā asmābhiḥ sārddhaṁ tiṣṭhanti teṣām ekena janenāsmābhiḥ sārddhaṁ yīśorutthāne sākṣiṇā bhavitavyaṁ|
Beginning from the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection.
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23
अतोa·to यस्यyas·ya रूढिrū·ḍhi र्युष्टोryuṣ·ṭo यंyaṃ बर्शब्बेत्युक्त्वाहूयन्तिbar·śab·bet·yuk·tvā·hū·yan·ti सsa यूषफ्yū·ṣaph मतथिश्चma·ta·thiś·ca द्वावेतौdvā·ve·tau पृथक्pṛ·thak कृत्वाkṛt·vā तta ईश्वरस्यīś·va·ras·ya सन्निधौsan·ni·dhau प्रार्य्यprār·ya कथितवन्तःka·thi·ta·van·taḥ,
ato yasya rūḍhi ryuṣṭo yaṁ barśabbetyuktvāhūyanti sa yūṣaph matathiśca dvāvetau pṛthak kṛtvā ta īśvarasya sannidhau prāryya kathitavantaḥ,
And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias.
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24
हेhe सर्व्वान्तर्य्यामिन्sar·vān·tar·yā·min परमेश्वरpa·ra·meś·va·ra, यिहूदाःyi·hū·dāḥ सेवनप्रेरितत्वपदच्युतःse·va·nap·re·ri·tat·va·pa·dac·yu·taḥ
he sarvvāntaryyāmin parameśvara, yihūdāḥ sevanapreritatvapadacyutaḥ
And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen,
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25
सन्san निजस्थानम्ni·jas·thā·nam अगच्छत्a·gac·chat, तत्पदंtat·pa·daṃ लब्धुम्lab·dhum एनयोe·na·yo र्जनयोrja·na·yo र्मध्येrmadh·ye भवताbha·va·tā कोऽभिरुचितस्तदस्मान्ko·bhi·ru·ci·tas·ta·das·mān दर्श्यतांdar·śya·tāṃ।
san nijasthānam agacchat, tatpadaṁ labdhum enayo rjanayo rmadhye bhavatā ko'bhirucitastadasmān darśyatāṁ|
That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place.
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26
ततोta·to गुटिकापाटेgu·ṭi·kā·pā·ṭe कृतेkṛ·te मतथिर्निरचीयतma·ta·thir·ni·ra·cī·ya·ta तस्मात्tas·māt सोन्येषाम्son·ye·ṣām एकादशानांe·kā·da·śā·nāṃ प्ररितानांpra·ri·tā·nāṃ मध्येmadh·ye गणितोभवत्ga·ṇi·to·bha·vat।
tato guṭikāpāṭe kṛte matathirniracīyata tasmāt sonyeṣām ekādaśānāṁ praritānāṁ madhye gaṇitobhavat|
And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.
Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.