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Monks’ Rules Analysis 115 भिक्खुविभङ्ग 115

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82. Pariṇāmanasikkhāpada

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

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1

थेरवादthe·ra·vā·da विनयvi·na·ya

Theravāda Vinaya

Theravāda Collection on Monastic Law
2

महाविभङ्गma·hā·vi·bhaṅ·ga

Mahāvibhaṅga

The Great Analysis
3

पाचित्तियकण्डpā·cit·ti·ya·kaṇ·ḍa

Pācittiyakaṇḍa

The chapter on offenses entailing confession
4

सहधम्मिकवग्गsa·ha·dham·mi·ka·vag·ga

Sahadhammikavagga

The subchapter on legitimate correction
5

82। परिणामनसिक्खापदpa·ri·ṇā·ma·na·sik·khā·pa·da

82. Pariṇāmanasikkhāpada

Diverting gains intended for the Sangha
6

Origin story
7

तेनte·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā सावत्थियंsā·vat·thi·yaṃ विहरतिvi·ha·ra·ti जेतवनेje·ta·va·ne अनाथपिण्डिकस्सa·nā·tha·piṇ·ḍi·kas·sa आरामे।ā·rā·me

Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.

At one time when the Buddha was staying at Sāvatthī in Anāthapiṇḍika’s Monastery,
8

तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na सावत्थियंsā·vat·thi·yaṃ अञ्ञतरस्सañ·ña·ta·ras·sa पूगस्सpū·gas·sa सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa सचीवरभत्तंsa·cī·va·ra·bhat·taṃ पटियत्तंpa·ṭi·yat·taṃ होति—ho·ti

Tena kho pana samayena sāvatthiyaṁ aññatarassa pūgassa saṅghassa sacīvarabhattaṁ paṭiyattaṁ hoti—

an association had prepared a meal together with robe-cloth for the Sangha. They said,
9

“भोजेत्वाbho·jet·vā चीवरेनcī·va·re·na अच्छादेस्सामा”ति।ac·chā·des·sā·mā

“bhojetvā cīvarena acchādessāmā”ti.

“After giving the food, we’ll offer the robe-cloth.”
10

अथa·tha खोkho छब्बग्गियाchab·bag·gi·yā भिक्खूbhik·khū येनye·na सोso पूगोpū·go तेनुपसङ्कमिंसु;te·nu·pa·saṅ·ka·miṃ·su

Atha kho chabbaggiyā bhikkhū yena so pūgo tenupasaṅkamiṁsu;

But the monks from the group of six went to that association
11

उपसङ्कमित्वाu·pa·saṅ·ka·mit·vā तंtaṃ पूगंpū·gaṃ एतदवोचुं—e·ta·da·vo·cuṃ

upasaṅkamitvā taṁ pūgaṁ etadavocuṁ—

and said,
12

“देथावुसो,de·thā·vu·so इमानिi·mā·ni चीवरानिcī·va·rā·ni इमेसंi·me·saṃ भिक्खूनन्”ति।bhik·khū·nan

“dethāvuso, imāni cīvarāni imesaṁ bhikkhūnan”ti.

“Please give the robe-cloth to these monks.”
13

“नna मयं,ma·yaṃ भन्ते,bhan·te दस्साम।das·sā·ma

“Na mayaṁ, bhante, dassāma.

“Venerables, we can’t do that.
14

अम्हाकंam·hā·kaṃ सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa अनुवस्संa·nu·vas·saṃ सचीवरभिक्खाsa·cī·va·ra·bhik·khā पञ्ञत्ता”ति।pañ·ñat·tā

Amhākaṁ saṅghassa anuvassaṁ sacīvarabhikkhā paññattā”ti.

We’ve prepared our annual alms-offering together with robe-cloth for the Sangha.”
15

“बहू,ba·hū आवुसो,ā·vu·so सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa दायका,dā·ya·kā बहूba·hū सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa भत्ता।bhat·tā

“Bahū, āvuso, saṅghassa dāyakā, bahū saṅghassa bhattā.

“The Sangha has many donors and supporters.
16

इमेi·me तुम्हेtum·he निस्सायnis·sā·ya तुम्हेtum·he सम्पस्सन्ताsam·pas·san·tā इधi·dha विहरन्ति।vi·ha·ran·ti

Ime tumhe nissāya tumhe sampassantā idha viharanti.

But since these monks are staying here, they are looking to you for support.
17

तुम्हेtum·he चेce इमेसंi·me·saṃ नna दस्सथ,das·sa·tha अथa·tha कोko चरहिca·ra·hi इमेसंi·me·saṃ दस्सति?das·sa·ti

Tumhe ce imesaṁ na dassatha, atha ko carahi imesaṁ dassati?

If you don’t give to them, who will?
18

देथावुसो,de·thā·vu·so इमानिi·mā·ni चीवरानिcī·va·rā·ni इमेसंi·me·saṃ भिक्खूनन्”ति।bhik·khū·nan

Dethāvuso, imāni cīvarāni imesaṁ bhikkhūnan”ti.

So give them the robe-cloth.”
19

अथa·tha खोkho सोso पूगोpū·go छब्बग्गियेहिchab·bag·gi·ye·hi भिक्खूहिbhik·khū·hi निप्पीळियमानोnip·pī·ḷi·ya·mā·no यथापटियत्तंya·thā·pa·ṭi·yat·taṃ चीवरंcī·va·raṃ छब्बग्गियानंchab·bag·gi·yā·naṃ भिक्खूनंbhik·khū·naṃ दत्वाdat·vā सङ्घंsaṅ·ghaṃ भत्तेनbhat·te·na परिविसि।pa·ri·vi·si

Atha kho so pūgo chabbaggiyehi bhikkhūhi nippīḷiyamāno yathāpaṭiyattaṁ cīvaraṁ chabbaggiyānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ datvā saṅghaṁ bhattena parivisi.

Being pressured by the monks from the group of six, that association gave the prepared robe-cloth to those monks and served the food to the Sangha.
20

येye तेte भिक्खूbhik·khū जानन्तिjā·nan·ti सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa सचीवरभत्तंsa·cī·va·ra·bhat·taṃ पटियत्तंpa·ṭi·yat·taṃ “नna चca जानन्तिjā·nan·ti छब्बग्गियानंchab·bag·gi·yā·naṃ भिक्खूनंbhik·khū·naṃ दिन्नन्”तिdin·nan तेte एवमाहंसु—e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ye te bhikkhū jānanti saṅghassa sacīvarabhattaṁ paṭiyattaṁ “na ca jānanti chabbaggiyānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ dinnan”ti te evamāhaṁsu—

The monks who knew that a meal together with robe-cloth had been prepared for the Sangha, but not that the robe-cloth had been given to those monks from the group of six, said,
21

“ओणोजेथावुसो,o·ṇo·je·thā·vu·so सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa चीवरन्”ति।cī·va·ran

“oṇojethāvuso, saṅghassa cīvaran”ti.

“You may dedicate the robe-cloth.”
22

“नत्थि,nat·thi भन्ते।bhan·te

“Natthi, bhante.

“There isn’t any.
23

यथापटियत्तंya·thā·pa·ṭi·yat·taṃ चीवरंcī·va·raṃ अय्याay·yā छब्बग्गियाchab·bag·gi·yā अय्यानंay·yā·naṃ छब्बग्गियानंchab·bag·gi·yā·naṃ परिणामेसुन्”ति।pa·ri·ṇā·me·sun

Yathāpaṭiyattaṁ cīvaraṁ ayyā chabbaggiyā ayyānaṁ chabbaggiyānaṁ pariṇāmesun”ti.

The robe-cloth we had prepared was diverted by the monks from the group of six.”
24

येye तेte भिक्खूbhik·khū अप्पिच्छाap·pic·chā …पे…pe तेte उज्झायन्तिuj·jhā·yan·ti खिय्यन्तिkhiy·yan·ti विपाचेन्ति—vi·pā·cen·ti

Ye te bhikkhū appicchā …pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—

The monks of few desires complained and criticized those monks,
25

“कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma छब्बग्गियाchab·bag·gi·yā भिक्खूbhik·khū जानंjā·naṃ सङ्घिकंsaṅ·ghi·kaṃ लाभंlā·bhaṃ परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेस्सन्ती”तिpa·ri·ṇā·mes·san·tī …पे…pe

“kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū jānaṁ saṅghikaṁ lābhaṁ pariṇataṁ puggalassa pariṇāmessantī”ti …pe…

“How could the monks from the group of six divert to an individual things they knew were intended for the Sangha?” …
26

“सच्चंsac·caṃ किरki·ra तुम्हे,tum·he भिक्खवे,bhik·kha·ve जानंjā·naṃ सङ्घिकंsaṅ·ghi·kaṃ लाभंlā·bhaṃ परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेथा”ति?pa·ri·ṇā·me·thā

“saccaṁ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, jānaṁ saṅghikaṁ lābhaṁ pariṇataṁ puggalassa pariṇāmethā”ti?

“Is it true, monks, that you did this?”
27

“सच्चं,sac·caṃ भगवा”ति।bha·ga·vā

“Saccaṁ, bhagavā”ti.

“It’s true, sir.”
28

विगरहिvi·ga·ra·hi बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā …पे…pe

Vigarahi buddho bhagavā …pe…

The Buddha rebuked them …
29

कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma तुम्हे,tum·he मोघपुरिसा,mo·gha·pu·ri·sā जानंjā·naṃ सङ्घिकंsaṅ·ghi·kaṃ लाभंlā·bhaṃ परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेस्सथ।pa·ri·ṇā·mes·sa·tha

kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, jānaṁ saṅghikaṁ lābhaṁ pariṇataṁ puggalassa pariṇāmessatha.

“Foolish men, how could you do this?
30

नेतं,ne·taṃ मोघपुरिसा,mo·gha·pu·ri·sā अप्पसन्नानंap·pa·san·nā·naṃ वाvā पसादायpa·sā·dā·ya …पे…pe

Netaṁ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṁ vā pasādāya …pe…

This will affect people’s confidence …” …
31

एवञ्चe·vañ·ca पन,pa·na भिक्खवे,bhik·kha·ve इमंi·maṃ सिक्खापदंsik·khā·pa·daṃ उद्दिसेय्याथ—ud·di·sey·yā·tha

evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—

“And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:
32

Final ruling
33

“योyo पनpa·na भिक्खुbhik·khu जानंjā·naṃ सङ्घिकंsaṅ·ghi·kaṃ लाभंlā·bhaṃ परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेय्य,pa·ri·ṇā·mey·ya पाचित्तियन्”ति।pā·cit·ti·yan

“Yo pana bhikkhu jānaṁ saṅghikaṁ lābhaṁ pariṇataṁ puggalassa pariṇāmeyya, pācittiyan”ti.

‘If a monk diverts to an individual material support that he knows was intended for the Sangha, he commits an offense entailing confession.’”
34

Definitions
35

योyo पनातिpa·nā·ti

Yo panāti

A:
36

योyo यादिसोyā·di·so …पे…pe

yo yādiso …pe…

whoever …
37

भिक्खूतिbhik·khū·ti

bhikkhūti

Monk:
38

…पे…pe अयंa·yaṃ इमस्मिंi·mas·miṃ अत्थेat·the अधिप्पेतोa·dhip·pe·to भिक्खूति।bhik·khū·ti

…pe… ayaṁ imasmiṁ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.

… The monk who has been given the full ordination by a unanimous Sangha through a legal procedure consisting of one motion and three announcements that is irreversible and fit to stand—this sort of monk is meant in this case.
39

जानातिjā·nā·ti नामnā·ma

Jānāti nāma

He knows:
40

सामंsā·maṃ वाvā जानाति,jā·nā·ti अञ्ञेañ·ñe वाvā तस्सtas·sa आरोचेन्ति,ā·ro·cen·ti सोso वाvā आरोचेति।ā·ro·ce·ti

sāmaṁ vā jānāti, aññe vā tassa ārocenti, so vā āroceti.

he knows by himself or others have told him or the donor has told him.
41

सङ्घिकंsaṅ·ghi·kaṃ नामnā·ma

Saṅghikaṁ nāma

For the Sangha:
42

सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa दिन्नंdin·naṃ होतिho·ti परिच्चत्तं।pa·ric·cat·taṃ

saṅghassa dinnaṁ hoti pariccattaṁ.

given to the Sangha, given up to the Sangha.
43

लाभोlā·bho नामnā·ma

Lābho nāma

Material support:
44

चीवरपिण्डपातसेनासनगिलानप्पच्चयभेसज्जपरिक्खारा,cī·va·ra·piṇ·ḍa·pā·ta·se·nā·sa·na·gi·lā·nap·pac·ca·ya·bhe·saj·ja·pa·rik·khā·rā अन्तमसोan·ta·ma·so चुण्णपिण्डोपि,cuṇ·ṇa·piṇ·ḍo·pi दन्तकट्ठम्पि,dan·ta·kaṭ·ṭham·pi दसिकसुत्तम्पि।da·si·ka·sut·tam·pi

cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārā, antamaso cuṇṇapiṇḍopi, dantakaṭṭhampi, dasikasuttampi.

robe-cloth, almsfood, a dwelling, and medicinal supplies; even a bit of bath powder, a tooth cleaner, or a piece of string.
45

परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ नामnā·ma

Pariṇataṁ nāma

Intended:
46

“दस्सामdas·sā·ma करिस्सामा”तिka·ris·sā·mā वाचाvā·cā भिन्नाbhin·nā होति,ho·ti तंtaṃ पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti पाचित्तियस्स।pā·cit·ti·yas·sa

“dassāma karissāmā”ti vācā bhinnā hoti, taṁ puggalassa pariṇāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.

if they have said, “We’ll give,” “We’ll prepare,” and he diverts it to an individual, he commits an offense entailing confession.
47

Permutations
48

परिणतेpa·ri·ṇa·te परिणतसञ्ञीpa·ri·ṇa·ta·sañ·ñī पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti पाचित्तियस्स।pā·cit·ti·yas·sa

Pariṇate pariṇatasaññī puggalassa pariṇāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.

If it was intended for the Sangha and he perceives it as such, and he diverts it to an individual, he commits an offense entailing confession.
49

परिणतेpa·ri·ṇa·te वेमतिकोve·ma·ti·ko पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Pariṇate vematiko puggalassa pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was intended for the Sangha, but he is unsure of it, and he diverts it to an individual, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
50

परिणतेpa·ri·ṇa·te अपरिणतसञ्ञीa·pa·ri·ṇa·ta·sañ·ñī पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti अनापत्ति।a·nā·pat·ti

Pariṇate apariṇatasaññī puggalassa pariṇāmeti, anāpatti.

If it was intended for the Sangha, but he does not perceive it as such, and he diverts it to an individual, there is no offense.
51

सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ अञ्ञसङ्घस्सañ·ña·saṅ·ghas·sa वाvā चेतियस्सce·ti·yas·sa वाvā परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Saṅghassa pariṇataṁ aññasaṅghassa vā cetiyassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was intended for one Sangha and he diverts it to another Sangha or to a shrine, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
52

चेतियस्सce·ti·yas·sa परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ अञ्ञचेतियस्सañ·ña·ce·ti·yas·sa वाvā सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa वाvā पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa वाvā परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Cetiyassa pariṇataṁ aññacetiyassa vā saṅghassa vā puggalassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was intended for one shrine and he diverts it to another shrine or to a sangha or to an individual, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
53

पुग्गलस्सpug·ga·las·sa परिणतंpa·ri·ṇa·taṃ अञ्ञपुग्गलस्सañ·ña·pug·ga·las·sa वाvā सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa वाvā चेतियस्सce·ti·yas·sa वाvā परिणामेति,pa·ri·ṇā·me·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Puggalassa pariṇataṁ aññapuggalassa vā saṅghassa vā cetiyassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was intended for an individual and he diverts it to another individual or to a sangha or to a shrine, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
54

अपरिणतेa·pa·ri·ṇa·te परिणतसञ्ञी,pa·ri·ṇa·ta·sañ·ñī आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Apariṇate pariṇatasaññī, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was not intended for the Sangha, but he perceives it as such, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
55

अपरिणतेa·pa·ri·ṇa·te वेमतिको,ve·ma·ti·ko आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

Apariṇate vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

If it was not intended for the Sangha, but he is unsure of it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
56

अपरिणतेa·pa·ri·ṇa·te अपरिणतसञ्ञी,a·pa·ri·ṇa·ta·sañ·ñī अनापत्ति।a·nā·pat·ti

Apariṇate apariṇatasaññī, anāpatti.

If it was not intended for the Sangha and he does not perceive it as such, there is no offense.
57

Non-offenses
58

अनापत्ति—a·nā·pat·ti

Anāpatti—

There is no offense:
59

“कत्थkat·tha देमा”तिde·mā पुच्छीयमानो—puc·chī·ya·mā·no

“kattha demā”ti pucchīyamāno—

if being asked,
60

“यत्थyat·tha तुम्हाकंtum·hā·kaṃ देय्यधम्मोdey·ya·dham·mo परिभोगंpa·ri·bho·gaṃ वाvā लभेय्यla·bhey·ya पटिसङ्खारंpa·ṭi·saṅ·khā·raṃ वाvā लभेय्यla·bhey·ya चिरट्ठितिकोci·raṭ·ṭhi·ti·ko वाvā अस्सas·sa यत्थyat·tha वाvā पनpa·na तुम्हाकंtum·hā·kaṃ चित्तंcit·taṃ पसीदतिpa·sī·da·ti तत्थtat·tha देथा”तिde·thā भणति,bha·ṇa·ti

“yattha tumhākaṁ deyyadhammo paribhogaṁ vā labheyya paṭisaṅkhāraṁ vā labheyya ciraṭṭhitiko vā assa yattha vā pana tumhākaṁ cittaṁ pasīdati tattha dethā”ti bhaṇati,

“Where may we give?” he says, “Give where your gift will be useful,” “… where it goes toward repairs,” “… where it will last for a long time,” “… where you feel inspired;”
61

उम्मत्तकस्स,um·mat·ta·kas·sa

ummattakassa,

if he is insane;
62

आदिकम्मिकस्साति।ā·di·kam·mi·kas·sā·ti

ādikammikassāti.

if he is the first offender.
63

परिणामनसिक्खापदंpa·ri·ṇā·ma·na·sik·khā·pa·daṃ निट्ठितंniṭ·ṭhi·taṃ द्वादसमं।dvā·da·sa·maṃ

Pariṇāmanasikkhāpadaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ dvādasamaṁ.

The training rule on diverting gains intended for the Sangha, the twelfth, is finished.
64

सहधम्मिकवग्गोsa·ha·dham·mi·ka·vag·go अट्ठमो।aṭ·ṭha·mo

Sahadhammikavaggo aṭṭhamo.

The eighth subchapter on legitimate correction is finished.
65

तस्सुद्दानंtas·sud·dā·naṃ

Tassuddānaṁ

This is the summary:
66

सहधम्मsa·ha·dham·ma विवण्णञ्च,vi·vaṇ·ṇañ·ca

Sahadhamma vivaṇṇañca,

“Legitimately, and disparaging,
67

मोहापनंmo·hā·pa·naṃ पहारकं;pa·hā·ra·kaṃ

mohāpanaṁ pahārakaṁ;

Deception, hitting;
68

तलसत्तिta·la·sat·ti अमूलञ्च,a·mū·lañ·ca

Talasatti amūlañca,

Raising a hand, and groundless,
69

सञ्चिच्चsañ·cic·ca चca उपस्सुति;u·pas·su·ti

sañcicca ca upassuti;

And intentionally, eavesdropping;
70

पटिबाहनpa·ṭi·bā·ha·na छन्दञ्च,chan·dañ·ca

Paṭibāhana chandañca,

Obstructing, and consent,
71

दब्बञ्चdab·bañ·ca परिणामनन्ति।pa·ri·ṇā·ma·nan·ti

dabbañca pariṇāmananti.

And Dabba, diverting.”

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.