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Monks’ Rules Analysis 44 भिक्खुविभङ्ग 44

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11. Bhūtagāmasikkhāpada

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

Verse: 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465 · Hide pronunciation

1. 1

   थेरवादthe·ra·vā·da विनयvi·na·ya

   Theravāda Vinaya

   Theravāda Collection on Monastic Law

2. 2

   महाविभङ्गma·hā·vi·bhaṅ·ga

   Mahāvibhaṅga

   The Great Analysis

3. 3

   पाचित्तियकण्डpā·cit·ti·ya·kaṇ·ḍa

   Pācittiyakaṇḍa

   The chapter on offenses entailing confession

4. 4

   भूतगामवग्गbhū·ta·gā·ma·vag·ga

   Bhūtagāmavagga

   The subchapter on plants

5. 5

   11। भूतगामसिक्खापदbhū·ta·gā·ma·sik·khā·pa·da

   11. Bhūtagāmasikkhāpada

   Destroying plants

6. 6

   Origin story

7. 7

   तेनte·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā आळवियंā·ḷa·vi·yaṃ विहरतिvi·ha·ra·ti अग्गाळवेag·gā·ḷa·ve चेतिये।ce·ti·ye

   Tena samayena buddho bhagavā āḷaviyaṁ viharati aggāḷave cetiye.

   At one time the Buddha was staying at Āḷavī at the Aggāḷava Shrine.

8. 8

   तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na आळवकाā·ḷa·va·kā भिक्खूbhik·khū नवकम्मंna·va·kam·maṃ करोन्ताka·ron·tā रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दन्तिपिchin·dan·ti·pi छेदापेन्तिपि।che·dā·pen·ti·pi

   Tena kho pana samayena āḷavakā bhikkhū navakammaṁ karontā rukkhaṁ chindantipi chedāpentipi.

   At that time the monks of Āḷavī were doing building work, and they cut down trees and had them cut down.

9. 9

   अञ्ञतरोपिañ·ña·ta·ro·pi आळवकोā·ḷa·va·ko भिक्खुbhik·khu रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दति।chin·da·ti

   Aññataropi āḷavako bhikkhu rukkhaṁ chindati.

   Then, when a certain monk was cutting down a tree,

10. 10

    तस्मिंtas·miṃ रुक्खेruk·khe अधिवत्थाa·dhi·vat·thā देवताde·va·tā तंtaṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ एतदवोच—e·ta·da·vo·ca

    Tasmiṁ rukkhe adhivatthā devatā taṁ bhikkhuṁ etadavoca—

    the deity that lived in it said to him,

11. 11

    “मा,mā भन्ते,bhan·te अत्तनोat·ta·no भवनंbha·va·naṃ कत्तुकामोkat·tu·kā·mo मय्हंmay·haṃ भवनंbha·va·naṃ छिन्दी”ति।chin·dī

    “mā, bhante, attano bhavanaṁ kattukāmo mayhaṁ bhavanaṁ chindī”ti.

    “Venerable, don’t cut down our dwelling because you want to build a dwelling for yourself.”

12. 12

    सोso भिक्खुbhik·khu अनादियन्तोa·nā·di·yan·to छिन्दियेव,chin·di·ye·va तस्साtas·sā चca देवतायde·va·tā·ya दारकस्सdā·ra·kas·sa बाहुंbā·huṃ आकोटेसि।ā·ko·ṭe·si

    So bhikkhu anādiyanto chindiyeva, tassā ca devatāya dārakassa bāhuṁ ākoṭesi.

    Not taking any heed, he just cut it down, and he hurt the arm of that deity’s child.

13. 13

    अथa·tha खोkho तस्साtas·sā देवतायde·va·tā·ya एतदहोसि—e·ta·da·ho·si

    Atha kho tassā devatāya etadahosi—

    The deity thought,

14. 14

    “यन्नूनाहंyan·nū·nā·haṃ इमंi·maṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ इधेवi·dhe·va जीविताjī·vi·tā वोरोपेय्यन्”ति।vo·ro·pey·yan

    “yannūnāhaṁ imaṁ bhikkhuṁ idheva jīvitā voropeyyan”ti.

    “Why don’t I just kill this monk?”

15. 15

    अथa·tha खोkho तस्साtas·sā देवतायde·va·tā·ya एतदहोसि—e·ta·da·ho·si

    Atha kho tassā devatāya etadahosi—

    But then it reconsidered,

16. 16

    “नna खोkho मेतंme·taṃ पतिरूपंpa·ti·rū·paṃ याहंyā·haṃ इमंi·maṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ इधेवi·dhe·va जीविताjī·vi·tā वोरोपेय्यं।vo·ro·pey·yaṃ

    “na kho metaṁ patirūpaṁ yāhaṁ imaṁ bhikkhuṁ idheva jīvitā voropeyyaṁ.

    “It wouldn’t be right to just kill this monk.

17. 17

    यन्नूनाहंyan·nū·nā·haṃ भगवतोbha·ga·va·to एतमत्थंe·ta·mat·thaṃ आरोचेय्यन्”ति।ā·ro·cey·yan

    Yannūnāhaṁ bhagavato etamatthaṁ āroceyyan”ti.

    Let me instead tell the Buddha about this matter.”

18. 18

    अथa·tha खोkho साsā देवताde·va·tā येनye·na भगवाbha·ga·vā तेनुपसङ्कमि;te·nu·pa·saṅ·ka·mi उपसङ्कमित्वाu·pa·saṅ·ka·mit·vā भगवतोbha·ga·va·to एतमत्थंe·ta·mat·thaṃ आरोचेसि।ā·ro·ce·si

    Atha kho sā devatā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesi.

    And it approached the Buddha and told him what had happened.

19. 19

    “साधुsā·dhu साधु,sā·dhu देवते।de·va·te

    “Sādhu sādhu, devate.

    “Well done, deity!

20. 20

    साधुsā·dhu खोkho त्वं,tvaṃ देवते,de·va·te तंtaṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ जीविताjī·vi·tā नna वोरोपेसि।vo·ro·pe·si

    Sādhu kho tvaṁ, devate, taṁ bhikkhuṁ jīvitā na voropesi.

    It’s good that you didn’t kill that monk.

21. 21

    सचज्जsa·caj·ja त्वं,tvaṃ देवते,de·va·te तंtaṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ जीविताjī·vi·tā वोरोपेय्यासि,vo·ro·pey·yā·si बहुञ्चba·huñ·ca त्वं,tvaṃ देवते,de·va·te अपुञ्ञंa·puñ·ñaṃ पसवेय्यासि।pa·sa·vey·yā·si

    Sacajja tvaṁ, devate, taṁ bhikkhuṁ jīvitā voropeyyāsi, bahuñca tvaṁ, devate, apuññaṁ pasaveyyāsi.

    If you had killed that monk, you would have made much demerit.

22. 22

    गच्छgac·cha त्वं,tvaṃ देवते,de·va·te अमुकस्मिंa·mu·kas·miṃ ओकासेo·kā·se रुक्खोruk·kho विवित्तोvi·vit·to तस्मिंtas·miṃ उपगच्छा”ति।u·pa·gac·chā

    Gaccha tvaṁ, devate, amukasmiṁ okāse rukkho vivitto tasmiṁ upagacchā”ti.

    The tree over there is empty. Take that as your dwelling.”

23. 23

    मनुस्साma·nus·sā उज्झायन्तिuj·jhā·yan·ti खिय्यन्तिkhiy·yan·ti विपाचेन्ति—vi·pā·cen·ti

    Manussā ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—

    People complained and criticized the monks,

24. 24

    “कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma समणाsa·ma·ṇā सक्यपुत्तियाsak·ya·put·ti·yā रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दिस्सन्तिपिchin·dis·san·ti·pi छेदापेस्सन्तिपिche·dā·pes·san·ti·pi एकिन्द्रियंe·kin·dri·yaṃ समणाsa·ma·ṇā सक्यपुत्तियाsak·ya·put·ti·yā जीवंjī·vaṃ विहेठेन्ती”ति।vi·he·ṭhen·tī

    “kathañhi nāma samaṇā sakyaputtiyā rukkhaṁ chindissantipi chedāpessantipi ekindriyaṁ samaṇā sakyaputtiyā jīvaṁ viheṭhentī”ti.

    “How can the Sakyan monastics cut down trees and have them cut down? They are hurting life with one sense.”

25. 25

    अस्सोसुंas·so·suṃ खोkho भिक्खूbhik·khū तेसंte·saṃ मनुस्सानंma·nus·sā·naṃ उज्झायन्तानंuj·jhā·yan·tā·naṃ खिय्यन्तानंkhiy·yan·tā·naṃ विपाचेन्तानं।vi·pā·cen·tā·naṃ

    Assosuṁ kho bhikkhū tesaṁ manussānaṁ ujjhāyantānaṁ khiyyantānaṁ vipācentānaṁ.

    The monks heard the complaints of those people,

26. 26

    येye तेte भिक्खूbhik·khū अप्पिच्छाap·pic·chā …पे…pe तेte उज्झायन्तिuj·jhā·yan·ti खिय्यन्तिkhiy·yan·ti विपाचेन्ति—vi·pā·cen·ti

    Ye te bhikkhū appicchā …pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—

    and the monks of few desires complained and criticized those monks,

27. 27

    “कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma आळवकाā·ḷa·va·kā भिक्खूbhik·khū रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दिस्सन्तिपिchin·dis·san·ti·pi छेदापेस्सन्तिपी”तिche·dā·pes·san·ti·pī …पे…pe

    “kathañhi nāma āḷavakā bhikkhū rukkhaṁ chindissantipi chedāpessantipī”ti …pe…

    “How can those monks at Āḷavī cut down trees and have them cut down?”…

28. 28

    “सच्चंsac·caṃ किरki·ra तुम्हे,tum·he भिक्खवे,bhik·kha·ve रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दथापिchin·da·thā·pi छेदापेथापी”ति?che·dā·pe·thā·pī

    “saccaṁ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, rukkhaṁ chindathāpi chedāpethāpī”ti?

    “Is it true, monks, that you do this?”

29. 29

    “सच्चं,sac·caṃ भगवा”ति।bha·ga·vā

    “Saccaṁ, bhagavā”ti.

    “It’s true, sir.”

30. 30

    विगरहिvi·ga·ra·hi बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā …पे…pe

    Vigarahi buddho bhagavā …pe…

    The Buddha rebuked them …

31. 31

    कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma तुम्हे,tum·he मोघपुरिसा,mo·gha·pu·ri·sā रुक्खंruk·khaṃ छिन्दिस्सथापि,chin·dis·sa·thā·pi छेदापेस्सथापि।che·dā·pes·sa·thā·pi

    kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, rukkhaṁ chindissathāpi, chedāpessathāpi.

    “Foolish men, how can you do this?

32. 32

    जीवसञ्ञिनोjī·va·sañ·ñi·no हि,hi मोघपुरिसा,mo·gha·pu·ri·sā मनुस्साma·nus·sā रुक्खस्मिं।ruk·khas·miṃ

    Jīvasaññino hi, moghapurisā, manussā rukkhasmiṁ.

    People regard trees as conscious.

33. 33

    नेतं,ne·taṃ मोघपुरिसा,mo·gha·pu·ri·sā अप्पसन्नानंap·pa·san·nā·naṃ वाvā पसादायpa·sā·dā·ya …पे…pe

    Netaṁ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṁ vā pasādāya …pe…

    This will affect people’s confidence …” …

34. 34

    एवञ्चe·vañ·ca पन,pa·na भिक्खवे,bhik·kha·ve इमंi·maṃ सिक्खापदंsik·khā·pa·daṃ उद्दिसेय्याथ—ud·di·sey·yā·tha

    evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—

    “And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:

35. 35

    Final ruling

36. 36

    “भूतगामपातब्यतायbhū·ta·gā·ma·pā·tab·ya·tā·ya पाचित्तियन्”ति।pā·cit·ti·yan

    “Bhūtagāmapātabyatāya pācittiyan”ti.

    ‘If a monk destroys a plant, he commits an offense entailing confession.’”

37. 37

    Definitions

38. 38

    भूतगामोbhū·ta·gā·mo नामnā·ma

    Bhūtagāmo nāma

    Plant:

39. 39

    पञ्चpañ·ca बीजजातानि—bī·ja·jā·tā·ni मूलबीजं,mū·la·bī·jaṃ खन्धबीजं,khan·dha·bī·jaṃ फळुबीजं,pha·ḷu·bī·jaṃ अग्गबीजं,ag·ga·bī·jaṃ बीजबीजमेवbī·ja·bī·ja·me·va पञ्चमं।pañ·ca·maṃ

    pañca bījajātāni— mūlabījaṁ, khandhabījaṁ, phaḷubījaṁ, aggabījaṁ, bījabījameva pañcamaṁ.

    there are five kinds of propagation: propagation from roots, propagation from stems, propagation from joints, propagation from cuttings, propagation from seeds.

40. 40

    मूलबीजंmū·la·bī·jaṃ नाम—nā·ma

    Mūlabījaṁ nāma—

    Propagation from roots:

41. 41

    हलिद्दि,ha·lid·di सिङ्गिवेरं,siṅ·gi·ve·raṃ वचा,va·cā वचत्तं,va·cat·taṃ अतिविसा,a·ti·vi·sā कटुकरोहिणी,ka·ṭu·ka·ro·hi·ṇī उसीरं,u·sī·raṃ भद्दमुत्तकं,bhad·da·mut·ta·kaṃ यानिyā·ni वाvā पनञ्ञानिपिpa·nañ·ñā·ni·pi अत्थिat·thi मूलेmū·le जायन्ति,jā·yan·ti मूलेmū·le सञ्जायन्ति,sañ·jā·yan·ti एतंe·taṃ मूलबीजंmū·la·bī·jaṃ नाम।nā·ma

    haliddi, siṅgiveraṁ, vacā, vacattaṁ, ativisā, kaṭukarohiṇī, usīraṁ, bhaddamuttakaṁ, yāni vā panaññānipi atthi mūle jāyanti, mūle sañjāyanti, etaṁ mūlabījaṁ nāma.

    turmeric, ginger, sweet flag, white sweet flag, atis root, black hellebore, vetiver root, nutgrass, or any other plant produced from roots, that grows from roots—this is called “propagation from roots”.

42. 42

    खन्धबीजंkhan·dha·bī·jaṃ नाम—nā·ma

    Khandhabījaṁ nāma—

    Propagation from stems:

43. 43

    अस्सत्थो,as·sat·tho निग्रोधो,nig·ro·dho पिलक्खो,pi·lak·kho उदुम्बरो,u·dum·ba·ro कच्छको,kac·cha·ko कपित्थनो,ka·pit·tha·no यानिyā·ni वाvā पनञ्ञानिपिpa·nañ·ñā·ni·pi अत्थिat·thi खन्धेkhan·dhe जायन्ति,jā·yan·ti खन्धेkhan·dhe सञ्जायन्ति,sañ·jā·yan·ti एतंe·taṃ खन्धबीजंkhan·dha·bī·jaṃ नाम।nā·ma

    assattho, nigrodho, pilakkho, udumbaro, kacchako, kapitthano, yāni vā panaññānipi atthi khandhe jāyanti, khandhe sañjāyanti, etaṁ khandhabījaṁ nāma.

    the Bodhi tree, the banyan tree, the Indian rock fig, the cluster fig, the Indian cedar, the portia tree, or any other plant produced from stems, that grows from stems—this is called “propagation from stems”.

44. 44

    फळुबीजंpha·ḷu·bī·jaṃ नाम—nā·ma

    Phaḷubījaṁ nāma—

    Propagation from joints:

45. 45

    उच्छु,uc·chu वेळु,ve·ḷu नळो,na·ḷo यानिyā·ni वाvā पनञ्ञानिपिpa·nañ·ñā·ni·pi अत्थिat·thi पब्बेpab·be जायन्ति,jā·yan·ti पब्बेpab·be सञ्जायन्ति,sañ·jā·yan·ti एतंe·taṃ फळुबीजंpha·ḷu·bī·jaṃ नाम।nā·ma

    ucchu, veḷu, naḷo, yāni vā panaññānipi atthi pabbe jāyanti, pabbe sañjāyanti, etaṁ phaḷubījaṁ nāma.

    sugarcane, bamboo, reed, or any other plant produced from joints, that grows from joints—this is called “propagation from joints”.

46. 46

    अग्गबीजंag·ga·bī·jaṃ नाम—nā·ma

    Aggabījaṁ nāma—

    Propagation from cuttings:

47. 47

    अज्जुकं,aj·ju·kaṃ फणिज्जकं,pha·ṇij·ja·kaṃ हिरिवेरं,hi·ri·ve·raṃ यानिyā·ni वाvā पनञ्ञानिपिpa·nañ·ñā·ni·pi अत्थिat·thi अग्गेag·ge जायन्ति,jā·yan·ti अग्गेag·ge सञ्जायन्ति,sañ·jā·yan·ti एतंe·taṃ अग्गबीजंag·ga·bī·jaṃ नाम।nā·ma

    ajjukaṁ, phaṇijjakaṁ, hiriveraṁ, yāni vā panaññānipi atthi agge jāyanti, agge sañjāyanti, etaṁ aggabījaṁ nāma.

    shrubby basil, rajmahal hemp, Vicks plant, or any other plant produced from cuttings, that grows from cuttings—this is called “propagation from cuttings”.

48. 48

    बीजबीजंbī·ja·bī·jaṃ नाम—nā·ma

    Bījabījaṁ nāma—

    Propagation from seeds:

49. 49

    पुब्बण्णं,pub·baṇ·ṇaṃ अपरण्णं,a·pa·raṇ·ṇaṃ यानिyā·ni वाvā पनञ्ञानिपिpa·nañ·ñā·ni·pi अत्थिat·thi बीजेbī·je जायन्ति,jā·yan·ti बीजेbī·je सञ्जायन्ति,sañ·jā·yan·ti एतंe·taṃ बीजबीजंbī·ja·bī·jaṃ नाम।nā·ma

    pubbaṇṇaṁ, aparaṇṇaṁ, yāni vā panaññānipi atthi bīje jāyanti, bīje sañjāyanti, etaṁ bījabījaṁ nāma.

    grains, vegetables, or any other plant produced from seeds, that grows from seeds—this is called “propagation from seeds”.

50. 50

    Permutations

51. 51

    बीजेbī·je बीजसञ्ञीbī·ja·sañ·ñī छिन्दतिchin·da·ti वाvā छेदापेतिche·dā·pe·ti वा,vā भिन्दतिbhin·da·ti वाvā भेदापेतिbhe·dā·pe·ti वा,vā पचतिpa·ca·ti वाvā पचापेतिpa·cā·pe·ti वा,vā आपत्तिā·pat·ti पाचित्तियस्स।pā·cit·ti·yas·sa

    Bīje bījasaññī chindati vā chedāpeti vā, bhindati vā bhedāpeti vā, pacati vā pacāpeti vā, āpatti pācittiyassa.

    If it is capable of propagation, and he perceives that it is, and he cuts it down or has it cut down, or he breaks it or has it broken, or he cooks it or has it cooked, he commits an offense entailing confession.

52. 52

    बीजेbī·je वेमतिकोve·ma·ti·ko छिन्दतिchin·da·ti वाvā छेदापेतिche·dā·pe·ti वा,vā भिन्दतिbhin·da·ti वाvā भेदापेतिbhe·dā·pe·ti वा,vā पचतिpa·ca·ti वाvā पचापेतिpa·cā·pe·ti वा,vā आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Bīje vematiko chindati vā chedāpeti vā, bhindati vā bhedāpeti vā, pacati vā pacāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is capable of propagation, but he is unsure of it, and he cuts it down or has it cut down, or he breaks it or has it broken, or he cooks it or has it cooked, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

53. 53

    बीजेbī·je अबीजसञ्ञीa·bī·ja·sañ·ñī छिन्दतिchin·da·ti वाvā छेदापेतिche·dā·pe·ti वा,vā भिन्दतिbhin·da·ti वाvā भेदापेतिbhe·dā·pe·ti वा,vā पचतिpa·ca·ti वाvā पचापेतिpa·cā·pe·ti वा,vā अनापत्ति।a·nā·pat·ti

    Bīje abījasaññī chindati vā chedāpeti vā, bhindati vā bhedāpeti vā, pacati vā pacāpeti vā, anāpatti.

    If it is capable of propagation, but he perceives that it is not, and he cuts it down or has it cut down, or he breaks it or has it broken, or he cooks it or has it cooked, there is no offense.

54. 54

    अबीजेa·bī·je बीजसञ्ञीbī·ja·sañ·ñī आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Abīje bījasaññī āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is not capable of propagation, but he perceives that it is, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

55. 55

    अबीजेa·bī·je वेमतिको,ve·ma·ti·ko आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Abīje vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is not capable of propagation, but he is unsure of it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

56. 56

    अबीजेa·bī·je अबीजसञ्ञी,a·bī·ja·sañ·ñī अनापत्ति।a·nā·pat·ti

    Abīje abījasaññī, anāpatti.

    If it is not capable of propagation, and he perceives that it is not, there is no offense.

57. 57

    Non-offenses

58. 58

    अनापत्ति—a·nā·pat·ti

    Anāpatti—

    There is no offense:

59. 59

    “इमंi·maṃ जान,jā·na इमंi·maṃ देहि,de·hi इमंi·maṃ आहर,ā·ha·ra इमिनाi·mi·nā अत्थो,at·tho इमंi·maṃ कप्पियंkap·pi·yaṃ करोही”तिka·ro·hī भणति,bha·ṇa·ti

    “imaṁ jāna, imaṁ dehi, imaṁ āhara, iminā attho, imaṁ kappiyaṁ karohī”ti bhaṇati,

    if he says, “Consider this”, “Give this”, “Bring this”, “There’s need for this”, “Make this allowable;”

60. 60

    असञ्चिच्च,a·sañ·cic·ca

    asañcicca,

    if it is unintentional;

61. 61

    अस्सतिया,as·sa·ti·yā

    assatiyā,

    if he is not mindful;

62. 62

    अजानन्तस्स,a·jā·nan·tas·sa

    ajānantassa,

    if he does not know;

63. 63

    उम्मत्तकस्स,um·mat·ta·kas·sa

    ummattakassa,

    if he is insane;

64. 64

    आदिकम्मिकस्साति।ā·di·kam·mi·kas·sā·ti

    ādikammikassāti.

    if he is the first offender.

65. 65

    भूतगामसिक्खापदंbhū·ta·gā·ma·sik·khā·pa·daṃ निट्ठितंniṭ·ṭhi·taṃ पठमं।pa·ṭha·maṃ

    Bhūtagāmasikkhāpadaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ paṭhamaṁ.

    The training rule on destroying plants, the first, is finished.

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.