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Ezekiel 1 यिहिष्केलस्य भविष्यद्वाक्यानि 1

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Old Testament: unproofread OCR. The Sanskrit text was machine-read from scans of the 1848 Calcutta edition and has not been checked by hand, so it contains reading errors. Verses marked Unproofread OCR — may contain errors are the least reliable.

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Each verse: the King James English, then the Sanskrit, its transliteration (IAST) and how to say it, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum, ḥ = soft breath echoing the vowel).
Tap any word to see it in the other language: a Sanskrit word shows its English meaning; an English word underlined shows matching Sanskrit words.

  1. 1

    चिंciṃ वत्सरvatsara स्यsya चतुधमासस्यcatudhamāsasya पञ्चमदिनेpañcamadine किनारनदीतोरेkināranadītore प्रवासितानांpravāsitānāṃ जनानांja·nā·nāṃ मध्येmadh·ye ममावस्थितिकालेmamāvasthitikāle खगेदारम्khagedāram उद्वाटितम्udvāṭitam अभवत्a·bha·vat मयाma·yā चेce सोयदृनान्यदशिघितsoyadṛnānyadaśighita।

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    ciṃ vatsara sya catudhamāsasya pañcamadine kināranadītore pravāsitānāṃ janānāṃ madhye mamāvasthitikāle khagedāram udvāṭitam abhavat mayā ce soyadṛnānyadaśighita|

    Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God.

  2. 2

    सsa राताrātā विद्ायाखोनस्यvidāyākhonasya प्रवासस्यpravāsasya पञ्चमोpañ·ca·mo वत्सरvatsara श्वासितśvāsita।

    sa rātā vidāyākhonasya pravāsasya pañcamo vatsara śvāsita|

    In the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin’s captivity,

  3. 3

    उक्तमासस्यuktamāsasya पञ्चमदिनेpañcamadine कल्दोयानांkaldoyānāṃ देde किबारनदीतीरेkibāranadītīre सदाप्रभाsadāprabhā वाक्यvāk·ya बृधिखतंbṛdhikhataṃ यिद्धिष्वोलंyiddhiṣvolaṃ याजकंyā·ja·kaṃ प्रतिpra·ti प्रादुरभूत्prādurabhūt सद्ापभेाखsadāpabheākha करस्तवkarastava तस्मिन्नपितोाऽग्त्tasminnapitoā'gt।

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    uktamāsasya pañcamadine kaldoyānāṃ de kibāranadītīre sadāprabhā vākya bṛdhikhataṃ yiddhiṣvolaṃ yājakaṃ prati prādurabhūt sadāpabheākha karastava tasminnapitoā'gt|

    The word of the LORD came expressly unto Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon him.

  4. 4

    मयाma·yā टदृक्पातंṭadṛkpātaṃ छत्वेदम्chatvedam हिhi, उदीचीनudīcīna आगच्छन्तिā·gac·chan·ti प्रचण्डवात्याpracaṇḍavātyā मदहानयघाmadahānayaghā जाज्वल्यमानोjājvalyamāno वद्धिस्तत्परिधिस्तेजेमयस्तन्मध्यस्यलाचvaddhistatparidhistejemayastanmadhyasyalāca वड्किमध्यस्थतिजvaḍkimadhyasthatija सातःsātaḥ प्रभायास्तख्याprabhāyāstakhyā प्रभाpra·bhā प्राद्धताprāddhatā।

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    mayā ṭadṛkpātaṃ chatvedam hi, udīcīna āgacchanti pracaṇḍavātyā madahānayaghā jājvalyamāno vaddhistatparidhistejemayastanmadhyasyalāca vaḍkimadhyasthatija sātaḥ prabhāyāstakhyā prabhā prāddhatā|

    And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire.

  5. 5

    तन्मध्याचtanmadhyāca चतुणांcatuṇāṃ प्राणिनांprā·ṇi·nāṃ रूपंrū·paṃ प्रतिभातिpratibhāti, तेघामाछातिरियंteghāmāchātiriyaṃ, तेte मनव्यरूपिणःmanavyarūpiṇaḥ।

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    tanmadhyāca catuṇāṃ prāṇināṃ rūpaṃ pratibhāti, teghāmāchātiriyaṃ, te manavyarūpiṇaḥ|

    Also out of the midst thereof came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance; they had the likeness of a man.

  6. 6

    तेषामेकैकस्यteṣāmekaikasya चत्वाय्यास्यानिcatvāyyāsyāni चत्वारःcat·vā·raḥ पच्ताश्चासन्pactāścāsan।

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    teṣāmekaikasya catvāyyāsyāni catvāraḥ pactāścāsan|

    And every one had four faces, and every one had four wings.

  7. 7

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ पादोpā·do जयःja·yaḥ पादततलानिpādatatalāni चca गावत्सस्यgāvatsasya पादतलानांpādatalānāṃ सटशानिsaṭaśāni पादाखpādākha परिव्वुततामरस्यparivvutatāmarasya तेजसेवtejaseva प्रभाविशिाprabhāviśiā खसन्khasan।

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    teṣāṃ pādo jayaḥ pādatatalāni ca gāvatsasya pādatalānāṃ saṭaśāni pādākha parivvutatāmarasya tejaseva prabhāviśiā khasan|

    And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf’s foot: and they sparkled like the colour of burnished brass.

  8. 8

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ पक्ताणाम्paktāṇām ब्यधस्ताचतुर्घbyadhastācaturgha पाखषुpākhaṣu मानवइस्ताmānavaistā आसन्ā·san तेषांte·ṣāṃ चतुगमेकेकस्यास्यानिcatugamekekasyāsyāni पक्षास्वासन्pakṣāsvāsan।

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    teṣāṃ paktāṇām byadhastācaturgha pākhaṣu mānavaistā āsan teṣāṃ catugamekekasyāsyāni pakṣāsvāsan|

    And they had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and they four had their faces and their wings.

  9. 9

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ पक्षाःpak·ṣāḥ परस्परparaspara संयुक्ताःsaṃ·yuk·tāḥ, गमनकालेga·ma·na·kā·le तेनte·na परिदवेकेकःparidavekekaḥ सम्मृखदिश्रम्sammṛkhadiśram अगच्छन्a·gac·chan।

    teṣāṃ pakṣāḥ paraspara saṃyuktāḥ, gamanakāle tena paridavekekaḥ sammṛkhadiśram agacchan|

    Their wings were joined one to another; they turned not when they went; they went every one straight forward.

  10. 10

    तेवामास्यानांtevāmāsyānāṃ रूपमिrūpami दda, मूव्बेmūvbe दि) मनुव्यस्यास्यंmanuvyasyāsyaṃ दच्िणदिdaciṇadi शिśi सिंदस्यास्यंsiṃdasyāsyaṃ चतुममासीतcatumamāsīta सर्व्वदिशिsarvadiśi चतुणांcatuṇāṃ गारास्यंgārāsyaṃ शेषदिशिśeṣadiśi चca) चतुणेमेातक्राशस्यास्यमासीत्catuṇemeātakrāśasyāsyamāsīt।

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    tevāmāsyānāṃ rūpami da, mūvbe di) manuvyasyāsyaṃ daciṇadi śi siṃdasyāsyaṃ catumamāsīta sarvvadiśi catuṇāṃ gārāsyaṃ śeṣadiśi ca) catuṇemeātakrāśasyāsyamāsīt|

    As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle.

  11. 11

    ऊंūṃ तेषाम्te·ṣām आस्यानिāsyāni पचताश्चpacatāśca एयक्eyak एधक्edhak चासन्cā·san तेवान्तेकस्यtevāntekasya दda पच्तावन्यस्यpactāvanyasya द्वाभ्यांdvābh·yāṃ यत्ताभ्यां) संयुक्तौsaṃyuktau दाभ्याच्चdābhyācca शरीरम्śa·rī·ram ब्याच्छाद्यतbyācchādyata।

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    ūṃ teṣām āsyāni pacatāśca eyak edhak cāsan tevāntekasya da pactāvanyasya dvābhyāṃ yattābhyāṃ) saṃyuktau dābhyācca śarīram byācchādyata|

    Thus were their faces: and their wings were stretched upward; two wings of every one were joined one to another, and two covered their bodies.

  12. 12

    तेषामेकैकःteṣāmekaikaḥ सम्मुखम्sam·mu·kham अगच्छत्a·gac·chat यांyāṃ दिशंdi·śaṃ गन्तुम्gan·tum अत्मनेाऽभिमतंatmaneā'bhimataṃ तामेवtā·me·va दिशंdi·śaṃ तेte$गच्छन्gac·chan

    teṣāmekaikaḥ sammukham agacchat yāṃ diśaṃ gantum atmaneā'bhimataṃ tāmeva diśaṃ te$gacchan

    And they went every one straight forward: whither the spirit was to go, they went; and they turned not when they went.

  13. 13

    गमनकालेga·ma·na·kā·le चca नna प्येवत्तन्तpyevattanta। तोदtoda शरूपाणांśarūpāṇāṃ तेषांte·ṣāṃ प्राणिनामामाprāṇināmāmā प्रज्वलिताङ्गाराणांprajvalitāṅgārāṇāṃ सदृशीsa·dṛ·śī, दौपानामिवाभाdaupānāmivābhā तेषांte·ṣāṃ प्राणिनांprā·ṇi·nāṃ मध्येmadh·ye गमागमावकरोत्gamāgamāvakarot तस्याझेtasyājhe स्तेste जाjā ऽविद्यतvidyata वद्धितञ्चvaddhitañca विद्युद्vidyud उदपद्यतu·da·pad·ya·ta।

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    gamanakāle ca na pyevattanta| toda śarūpāṇāṃ teṣāṃ prāṇināmāmā prajvalitāṅgārāṇāṃ sadṛśī, daupānāmivābhā teṣāṃ prāṇināṃ madhye gamāgamāvakarot tasyājhe ste jā 'vidyata vaddhitañca vidyud udapadyata|

    As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning.

  14. 14

    यथाya·thā चभिच्डेरभाcabhicḍerabhā तथाta·thā तेte प्राणिनprā·ṇi·na इतस्ततश्चाघावन्itastataścāghāvan।

    yathā cabhicḍerabhā tathā te prāṇina itastataścāghāvan|

    And the living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning.

  15. 15

    मयिma·yi तान्tān प्राणिनोprā·ṇi·no निरोक्षमाणेnirokṣamāṇe भूमbhūma तेषांte·ṣāṃ प्राणिनांprā·ṇi·nāṃ पाश्चpāśca चतुम्मेखम्catummekham रण्वंraṇvaṃ चकंcakaṃ प्रादुबंभूवprādubaṃbhūva।

    mayi tān prāṇino nirokṣamāṇe bhūma teṣāṃ prāṇināṃ pāśca catummekham raṇvaṃ cakaṃ prādubaṃbhūva|

    Now as I beheld the living creatures, behold one wheel upon the earth by the living creatures, with his four faces.

  16. 16

    चक्राणांcakrāṇāṃ वैदूैमणेरिवाभाvaid·ūaimaṇerivābhā निगम्मितिश्ासीत्nigammitiśāsīt चतुणीcatuṇī चेवंcevaṃ रूपम्rūpam आसीत्ā·sīt चकरमध्यवत्तिcakaramadhyavatti चकरस्येवcakarasyeva तेषाम्te·ṣām अकतिakati निम्मितिस्वासीत्nimmitisvāsīt।

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    cakrāṇāṃ vaidūaimaṇerivābhā nigammitiśāsīt catuṇī cevaṃ rūpam āsīt cakaramadhyavatti cakarasyeva teṣām akati nimmitisvāsīt|

    The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl: and they four had one likeness: and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel.

  17. 17

    गमनकालेga·ma·na·kā·le तानिtā·ni सदिक्चतुखूयनागच्छन्sadikcatukhūyanāgacchan गमनेga·ma·ne नna पय्येवत्तेन्तpayyevattenta।

    gamanakāle tāni sadikcatukhūyanāgacchan gamane na payyevattenta|

    When they went, they went upon their four sides: and they turned not when they went.

  18. 18

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ नेमयnemaya उचाucā भीषणास्वbhīṣaṇāsva तेte चत्वारोcat·vā·ro नेमयस्वnemayasva सर्व्वsar·va चच्तसिःcactasiḥ परिपू्णाparipūṇā आसन्ā·san।

    teṣāṃ nemaya ucā bhīṣaṇāsva te catvāro nemayasva sarvva cactasiḥ paripūṇā āsan|

    As for their rings, they were so high that they were dreadful; and their rings were full of eyes round about them four.

  19. 19

    प्राणिनांprā·ṇi·nāṃ गमनकालेga·ma·na·kā·le तानिtā·ni चक्राणिcakrāṇi तेषांte·ṣāṃ पार्जणागच्छन्pārjaṇāgacchan, भृमितखbhṛmitakha प्राणिनाम्prā·ṇi·nām उल्थानकालेulthānakāle चक्रा्प्युदतिखन्cakrāpyudatikhan।

    prāṇināṃ gamanakāle tāni cakrāṇi teṣāṃ pārjaṇāgacchan, bhṛmitakha prāṇinām ulthānakāle cakrāpyudatikhan|

    And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by them: and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up.

  20. 20

    यांyāṃ दिशंdi·śaṃ गन्तुम्gan·tum खत्मनाऽभिमतंkhatmanā'bhimataṃ तामेवtā·me·va दिशंdi·śaṃ तान्यगच्छन्tānyagacchan किमपिki·ma·pi स्थानंsthā·naṃ गन्तुम्gan·tum च्यात्मनोाऽभिमतेcyātmanoā'bhimate जातेjā·te तेषांte·ṣāṃ पाखpākha तानिtā·ni चक्राण्युदतिष्न्cakrāṇyudatiṣn यतःya·taḥ प्राणिनाम्prā·ṇi·nām आत्माāt·mā चकरोष्यविद्यतcakaroṣyavidyata।

    yāṃ diśaṃ gantum khatmanā'bhimataṃ tāmeva diśaṃ tānyagacchan kimapi sthānaṃ gantum cyātmanoā'bhimate jāte teṣāṃ pākha tāni cakrāṇyudatiṣn yataḥ prāṇinām ātmā cakaroṣyavidyata|

    Whithersoever the spirit was to go, they went, thither was their spirit to go; and the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.

  21. 21

    तेषुte·ṣu गच्छत्यgacchatya तान्यगच्छन्tānyagacchan तेषुte·ṣu तिछत्सुtichatsu चca तान्धतिन्tāndhatin भूमितस्तेघुत्तिछत्सुbhūmitasteghuttichatsu तेषांte·ṣāṃ पाशंpāśaṃ चक्राखुदति्छन्cakrākhudatichan यतःya·taḥ प्राणिनprā·ṇi·na चात्माcāt·mā चकरष्वविद्यतcakaraṣvavidyata।

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    teṣu gacchatya tānyagacchan teṣu tichatsu ca tāndhatin bhūmitasteghuttichatsu teṣāṃ pāśaṃ cakrākhudatichan yataḥ prāṇina cātmā cakaraṣvavidyata|

    When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.

  22. 22

    तस्यtas·ya प्राणिनिprāṇini मृदंmṛ·daṃ चेदंcedaṃ रूप्रम्rūpram खासीत्khāsīt भीवणकरकावद्bhīvaṇakarakāvad खाभाविशि्धमेवांkhābhāviśidhamevāṃ वितानम्vitānam ऊधūdha तेषांte·ṣāṃ मूद्धामृपरिmūddhāmṛpari विततमासीत्vitatamāsīt।

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    tasya prāṇini mṛdaṃ cedaṃ rūpram khāsīt bhīvaṇakarakāvad khābhāviśidhamevāṃ vitānam ūdha teṣāṃ mūddhāmṛpari vitatamāsīt|

    And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above.

  23. 23

    तस्यtas·ya वितानस्याघक्तेवांvitānasyāghaktevāṃ पत्ताpattā जयःja·yaḥ परस्स्परम्parassparam अभिमुखाश्वासन्abhimukhāśvāsan। कपरkapara शरीराच्छादकमेकंśarīrācchādakamekaṃ पच्त्युगम्pactyugam अन्यपाश्चंanyapāścaṃ चca एरीराच्छादकंerīrācchādakaṃ दितीयंditīyaṃ पच्तयुpactayu गम्gam ण्केकास्यासीत्ṇkekāsyāsīt।

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    tasya vitānasyāghaktevāṃ pattā jayaḥ parassparam abhimukhāśvāsan| kapara śarīrācchādakamekaṃ pactyugam anyapāścaṃ ca erīrācchādakaṃ ditīyaṃ pactayu gam ṇkekāsyāsīt|

    And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward the other: every one had two, which covered on this side, and every one had two, which covered on that side, their bodies.

  24. 24

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ पक्षाणांpak·ṣā·ṇāṃ ध्वनिdhvani मंयाखाविmaṃyākhāvi सsa भूर्तिवानांbhūrtivānāṃ ध्वनिरिवdhvaniriva तेषाञ्चte·ṣāñ·ca गमनकालेga·ma·na·kā·le सर्व्वेशत्तिमतोाsarveśattimatoā ध्वनिरिवdhvaniriva, सsa सेनानिबेशस्टाsenānibeśasṭā ध्वनिरिवdhvaniriva तुमलध्वनिःtumaladhvaniḥ, तेषुte·ṣu तुtu तिष््त्सtiṣtsa तेषांte·ṣāṃ प्ताःptāḥ स्याsyā अभवन्a·bha·van।

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    teṣāṃ pakṣāṇāṃ dhvani maṃyākhāvi sa bhūrtivānāṃ dhvaniriva teṣāñca gamanakāle sarvveśattimatoā dhvaniriva, sa senānibeśasṭā dhvaniriva tumaladhvaniḥ, teṣu tu tiṣtsa teṣāṃ ptāḥ syā abhavan|

    And when they went, I heard the noise of their wings, like the noise of great waters, as the voice of the Almighty, the voice of speech, as the noise of an host: when they stood, they let down their wings.

  25. 25

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ मूद्धघामूद्धmūddhaghāmūddha स्थितस्यsthitasya वितानस्येपरिvitānasyepari घ्वनिरुदपद्यतghvanirudapadyata, तैषtaiṣa तुtu तिष्ल्युtiṣlyu तेषांte·ṣāṃ पक्षाःpak·ṣāḥ झधाjhadhā अभवन्a·bha·van।

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    teṣāṃ mūddhaghāmūddha sthitasya vitānasyepari ghvanirudapadyata, taiṣa tu tiṣlyu teṣāṃ pakṣāḥ jhadhā abhavan|

    And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings.

  26. 26

    तेषांte·ṣāṃ मुद्धामूद्धmuddhāmūddha सितस्यsitasya वितानस्योपरिvitānasyopari नीलमणेरिवnīlamaṇeriva तेजाविशिषटस्थेकास्यtejāviśiṣaṭasthekāsya सिंदासनस्याकछृतिरासीत्siṃdāsanasyākachṛtirāsīt। तस्याःtas·yāḥ सिंहासनाछतेरूपरिsiṃhāsanāchaterūpari तदूर्द्धtadūrddha स्थितस्येकस्यsthitasyekasya मानवरूपस्यmānavarūpasya सदश्याछृतिरासीत्sadaśyāchṛtirāsīt।

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    teṣāṃ muddhāmūddha sitasya vitānasyopari nīlamaṇeriva tejāviśiṣaṭasthekāsya siṃdāsanasyākachṛtirāsīt| tasyāḥ siṃhāsanāchaterūpari tadūrddha sthitasyekasya mānavarūpasya sadaśyāchṛtirāsīt|

    And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it.

  27. 27

    तदीवकटेराछातितस्तरtadīvakaṭerāchātitastara चca मयाma·yā तेजसधातारिवtejasadhātāriva प्रभादशिंprabhādaśiṃ, अनलस्यanalasya रूपंrū·paṃ परितस्लस्याparitaslasyā वेदनम्vedanam आसीत्ā·sīt, तदीयकटेtadīyakaṭe रातिrāti तस्तदtastada घवाghavā नलस्यnalasya रूपंrū·paṃ परितञ्चparitañca द्ुतिरदष्िंdutiradaṣiṃ।

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    tadīvakaṭerāchātitastara ca mayā tejasadhātāriva prabhādaśiṃ, analasya rūpaṃ paritaslasyā vedanam āsīt, tadīyakaṭe rāti tastada ghavā nalasya rūpaṃ paritañca dutiradaṣiṃ|

    And I saw as the colour of amber, as the appearance of fire round about within it, from the appearance of his loins even upward, and from the appearance of his loins even downward, I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about.

  28. 28

    ठष्िदिनेṭhaṣidine मेघोme·gho यश्वापyaśvāpa उत्पद्यतेutpadyate तदौयरूपस्यtadauyarūpasya सदशंsadaśaṃ परिpari त्तस्याttasyā दयतेरूपम्dayaterūpam आसीत्ā·sīt तत्tat सदप्रमाःsadapramāḥ धतापस्याकतेdhatāpasyākate क्षkṣa। तद्tad टड्टाइंṭaḍṭāiṃ न्युननीभूयापतnyunanībhūyāpata। गोgo

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    ṭhaṣidine megho yaśvāpa utpadyate tadauyarūpasya sadaśaṃ pari ttasyā dayaterūpam āsīt tat sadapramāḥ dhatāpasyākate kṣa| tad ṭaḍṭāiṃ nyunanībhūyāpata| go

    As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of one that spake.

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.