Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 217 of 554
- त्रैतन traitananame of a Vedic deity or supernatural being, thought by some to be connected with Trita…
- त्रैदशिक traidaśikarelating to the thirty-three gods; sacred to the gods, belonging to them, divine; (am)…
- त्रैध traidhathreefold, triple; (am), ind. = tri-dhā or tre-dhā, triply, in a triple manner, in three…
- त्रैधातवी traidhātavī(scil. iṣṭi), name of a particular closing ceremony,
- त्रैधातवीय traidhātavīya(scil. karman), name of a particular closing rite.
- त्रैधातुक traidhātukathe three worlds.
- त्रैधात्व traidhātvaa patronymic of Try-aruṇa.
- त्रैनिष्किक trainiṣkikathree Niṣkas worth.
- त्रैपथ traipathaa peculiar manner of sitting (generally with āsana).
- त्रैपद traipadathree quarters (of a Yojana).
- त्रैपारायणिक traipārāyaṇikaperforming the Pārāyaṇa three times.
- त्रैपिष्टप traipiṣṭaparelating to Tri-pishṭapa, q.v.
- त्रैपुर traipurarelating to Tri-pura; (ās), m. pl. the inhabitants of the three cities of the Asura named…
- त्रैपुरीय traipurīyaname of an Upaniṣad.
- त्रैपुरुष traipuruṣaextending through three male generations, or father, grandfather, and great-grandfather.
- त्रैफल traiphalacoming from or belonging to the three myrobalans etc.
- त्रैबलि traibaliname of a man.
- त्रैभाव्य traibhāvyathreefold nature or manner.
- त्रैमातुर traimāturahaving three-mothers.
- त्रैमासिक traimāsikathree months old, lasting three months, occurring every three months, quarterly.
- त्रैमास्य traimāsyaa period of three months.
- त्रैयम्बक traiyambakarelating or belonging to Try-ambaka (e.g. apūpa, cake sacred to Tryambaka).
- त्रैयारुण traiyāruṇaname of a Muni.
- त्रैराशिक trairāśikaor ī, am, relating to three numbers or to the three signs of the zodiac; trairāśikam or…
- त्रैरूप्य trairūpyatripleness of form, threefold change of form; three forms or ways.
- त्रैलाट trailāṭaa sort of horse-fly.
- त्रैलिङ्ग trailiṅgahaving three genders.
- त्रैलोक trailoka‘the ruler of the three worlds,’ epithet of Indra.
- त्रैलोक्य trailokyathe three worlds, see tri-loka; (as), m., name of a man.
- त्रैवणि traivaṇiname of a teacher.
- त्रैवर्गिक traivargikarelating to the three objects of life, directed towards or devoted to them.
- त्रैवर्ग्य traivargyabelonging to the Trivarga. See traivargika above.
- त्रैवर्णिक traivarṇikarelating or belonging to the first three castes; (as), m. a member of the first three…
- त्रैवर्षिक traivarṣikatriennial, three years old, lasting three years, etc.
- त्रैवार्षिक traivārṣikasufficient for three years, lasting three years.
- त्रैविक्रम traivikramaetc., belonging to Viṣṇu; (am), n. the three strides or steps (of Viṣṇu).
- त्रैविद traividaa various reading for trayī-vida, q.v.
- त्रैविद्य traividyathe three sciences; the three Vedas (Ṛg, Yajus, and Sāman); study or knowledge of the…
- त्रैविध्य traividhyathe state of being of three kinds, threefoldness, triplicity, tripleness, three ways or…
- त्रैविष्टप traiviṣṭapaor traiviṣṭapeya, as, m. an inhabitant of Tri-viṣṭapa, a god.
- त्रैवृत traivṛtacoming from the plant Ipomœa Turpethum.
- त्रैवृष्ण traivṛṣṇaa patronymic of Try-aruṇa.
- त्रैवेदिक traivedikarelating to the three Vedas.
- त्रैशङ्कव traiśaṅkavaa patronymic of Hari-ścandra.
- त्रैशाण traiśāṇaworth three Śāṇas.
- त्रैशाम्ब traiśāmbaname of the father of Karandhama; (various readings have tribhānu, triśānu, triśāri…
- त्रैशीर्ष traiśīrṣarelating to the three-headed Viśva-rūpa.
- त्रैशोक traiśokaname of a Sāman.
- त्रैष्टुभ traiṣṭubharelating to or written in the metre Tri-ṣṭubh; (am), n. the Tri-ṣṭubh stanza or metre…
- त्रैसानु traisānuname of the father of Karandhama.
- त्रैस्रोतस traisrotasabelonging to the Ganges.
- त्रैस्वर्य traisvaryathe three accents collectively.
- त्रैहायण traihāyaṇaa period or age of three years.
- त्रै trai(by some modern scholars written trā, q.v.), cl. 1. A. trāyate (3rd sing. Pres. ep…
- त्राण trāṇaetc. For these and other derivatives of the rt. trai see 1. trā, p. 388, col. 1.
- त्रैगुण्य traiguṇyaSee p. 393, col. 2.
- त्रोटक troṭakaa kind of poisonous insect; name of a pupil of Śaṅkarācārya; (ī), f. a Rāgiṇī or one of…
- त्रोटि troṭiSee p. 393, col. 2.
- त्रोतल trotalaname of a Tantra.
- त्रोत्र trotraa weapon, a goad; a kind of disease.
- त्रौक् trauktraukate, etc., to go, move.
- त्र्यंश try-aṃśaFor compounds with try for tri see under tri.
- त्व1 tvabase of some cases of the second personal pronoun (in some of the cases the base is tu…
- त्व2 tvathy, your, yours.
- त्वकत् tvakata familiar diminutive from tvad, e.g. in tvakat-pitṛka;
- त्वदीय tvadīyathine, your, yours.
- त्वद्रिक् tvadriktowards thee, directed towards thee; (Sāy. = tvad-abhimukha.)
- त्वायत् tvāyatlonging for thee, seeking thee, loving thee.
- त्वाया tvāyāout of love towards thee, for thee.
- त्वायु tvāyulonging for thee, loving thee.
- त्व3 tvapron. one, several, other, different; tva — tva, one — the other; tvad, ind. partly; tvad…
- त्वक्ष् tvakṣtvakṣati, tatva-kṣa, tvakṣitum and tvaṣṭum, to create, produce, generate, effect, to work…
- त्वक्षस् tvakṣasefficiency, energy, vigour; (Sāy.) foe-destroying might.
- त्वक्षीयस् tvakṣīyasvery vigorous, very invigorating;
- त्वष्ट tvaṣṭapared, peeled, made thin.
- त्वष्टि tvaṣṭicarpentry, the profession of a carpenter.
- त्वष्टृ tvaṣṭṛa carpenter, builder, workman, maker of carriages, etc. …
- त्वाष्टी tvāṣṭī(? for tvāṣṭṝ), name of Durgā.
- त्वाष्ट्र tvāṣṭrabelonging to or coming from Tvaṣṭṛ; (with yuga) the fifth Jupiter cycle, the regent of…
- त्वगेल tvagelaprobably = elavālu, the bark of Feronia Elephantum.
- त्वङ्ग् tvaṅgtvaṅgati, etc., to go, move, tremble, wave; to jump, leap, gallop.
- त्वच्1 tvactvacati, etc., to cover, (a root artificially formed to furnish an etymology for 2. tvac);
- त्वक्क tvakkaat end of adj. comp., e.g. sāndra-tvakka, covered with thick armour-like skin.
- त्वच्2 tvacskin (as of men, serpents, etc.); hide (as of a goat, cow, etc.); a cow's hide (used in…
- त्वच tvacaat the end of a comp. = 2. tvac; cf. sa-t˚, sūrya-t˚, hiranya-t˚; (am), n. skin; bark…
- त्वचन tvacanacovering with a skin or hide; skinning.
- त्वचय tvacayatvacayati, etc., to cover with a skin or hide; to tear off the skin, to skin.
- त्वचस्य tvacasyabeing in the skin.
- त्वचिष्ठ tvaciṣṭha(superl. of tvag-vat, Pāṇ. V. 3, 65), having the best skin, having an excellent skin…
- त्वचिसार tvaci-sāraSee under 2. tvac above.
- त्वचीयस् tvacīyas(compar. of tvag-vat, Pāṇ. V. 3, 65), having a more excellent or an excellent skin; bark…
- त्वच्य tvacyaconducive to the healthiness of the skin.
- त्वाच tvācacuticular, relating to the skin, contagious, derived from touch.
- त्वञ्च् tvañctvañcati, etc., to go, move; cl. 7. P. tvanakti, etc., to contract.
- त्वत् tvator (according to the proper form of the base) tvad. See 1. tva, p. 394.
- त्वर् tvartvarate (ep. also P. tvarati), tatvare, tvaritum, to hurry, make haste, go or move with…
- तूर्ण tūrṇaSee p. 381, col. 2.
- त्वरण tvaraṇamaking haste; (am), n. making haste, speed, velocity.
- त्वरणीय tvaraṇīyato be hastened or accelerated.
- त्वरा tvarāhaste, speed, velocity.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).