Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
Search in IAST (ātman), plain letters (atman), Devanagari (आत्मन्) or English (fire). Pronunciation key · English index · Random entry
Jump to letter
All words A–Z
55,387 headwords · page 215 of 554
- तोतस् totas(according to Mahī-dhara), a wife; or = tvayi.
- तोत्तायन tottāyananame of a branch of the Atharva-veda, (also read tottāyanīya, tauta, and tauttāyana.)
- तोत्त्र tottraor totra, am, n., a stick or bamboo with a sharp iron head used for guiding an elephant…
- तोद todaguiding or driving (horses etc.); ‘the instigator and exciter’ (of all nature), an…
- तोदन todanaa stick used for guiding or driving cattle etc., a goad; stinging; pain, affliction from…
- तोमर tomaraan iron club or crow; a lance, a javelin; a kind of metre consisting of four lines of…
- तोमराण tomarāṇaname of a man;
- तोमरिका tomarikā= tuvarikā, a fragrant earth.
- तोय toyawater; the regent of the Nakṣatra Āṣāḍhā; (toyaṃ kṛ, to make an offering of water to a…
- तोरण toraṇaan arch, a gate, an arched doorway, a portal, the ornamented arch of a door or gateway…
- तोरमाण toramāṇaname of a prince;
- तोरश्रवस् tora-śravasname of a Ṛṣi with the patronymic Āṅgirasa;
- तोल tolapoising one's self, e.g. ghana-tola, (a bird) poising itself in the clouds; (as, am), m…
- तोलक tolakaa kind of weight, = tola.
- तोलन tolanaraising, lifting up, weighing.
- तोलयित्वा tolayitvāhaving lifted up, having weighed.
- तोल्य tolyato be raised, to be weighed.
- तोश tośaor tośas, ās, ās, as, Vedic distilling, trickling, granting.
- तोष toṣasatisfaction, gratification, contentment, pleasure, joy, happiness; Contentment…
- तोषक toṣakagratifying, causing pleasure or happiness.
- तोषण toṣaṇasatisfying, gratifying, making contented, appeasing, pleasing; (am), n. the act of…
- तोषणीय toṣaṇīyaor toṣayitavya, as, ā, am, to be satisfied or gratified or made contented, to be pleased.
- तोषित toṣitapleased, satisfied, gratified, appeased.
- तोषिन् toṣin(at the end of a comp.) satisfied or contented with, pleased with, liking; gladdening…
- तोष्य toṣyato be made satisfied or contented, to be pleased or delighted.
- तोषल toṣalaor tosala, ās, m. pl., name of a race (?).
- तौक्षायण taukṣāyaṇaadj. from Tukṣa.
- तौक्षिक taukṣikathe sign of the zodiac Sagittarius.
- तौग्र्य taugryathe son of Tugra, a patronymic of Bhujyu.
- तौच्छ्य taucchyaemptiness, meanness, worthlessness.
- तौण्डिकेर tauṇḍikeraname of a race;
- तौत tautaanother form for tottāyana.
- तौतातिक tautātikacomposed by Tutāta, (according to a scholiast) = Kaumārilaṃ Śāstram.
- तौतिक tautikathe pearl-oyster; (am), n. a pearl.
- तौत्तायन tauttāyanaanother form for tottāyana.
- तौद taudaname of a Sāman; (ī), f., Vedic, name of a plant (?).
- तौदादिक taudādikabelonging to the class of roots which begins with tud, i.e. to the sixth class.
- तौदेय1 taudeyaa patronymic from Tuda.
- तौदिय taudiyaname of a Brāhman.
- तौदेय2 taudeyaproduced in or coming from the district called Tūdī, q.v.
- तौम्बुरविन् taumburavinthe pupils of Tumburu.
- तौर taurarelating to Tura; (am), n., scil. ayana, name of a Sat-tra ceremony.
- तौरयाण taurayāṇa= tūrṇayāna, hastening.
- तौरश्रवस tauraśravasaname of two Sāmans.
- तौरायणिक taurāyaṇikaperforming the sacrifice or vow Turāyaṇa.
- तौर्य tauryathe sound of musical instruments, music, harmony, etc.
- तौर्वश taurvaśaepithet of a peculiar species of horse.
- तौल taulaa balance, = tulā.
- तौलिक1 taulikain daśa-taulika, having the weight of 10 Tulās.
- तौलिन् taulinone who holds a balance, a weigher; the sign of the zodiac Libra.
- तौल्य taulyaweight; equality, similarity, likeness.
- तौलिक2 taulikaa painter;
- तौलिकिक taulikikaa painter.
- तौल्वलि taulvaliname of a preceptor; ajā-taulvali, Taulvali fond of goats.
- तौल्वलायन taulvalāyanaa patronymic from Taulvali.
- तौवरक tauvarakaderived or coming from the plant Tuvaraka.
- तौविलिका tauvilikāa kind of animal (?).
- तौषार tauṣārasnowy, dewy; (am), n. snow, cold.
- त्मन् tman= ātman (acc. tmanam and tmānam, dat. tmane, loc. tmani; the initial ā is also rarely…
- त्मना tmanāAlthough according to the unanimous interpretation of the native scholiasts and…
- त्मन्या tmanyā(in certain Āprī hymns) = tmanā.
- त्मूत tmūtasoaked with fat.
- त्य tyaSee tyad.
- त्यगल tyagalaname of an author; (also read tigala.)
- त्यग्नायि tyagnāyiname of a Sāman.
- त्यज्1 tyajtyajati, tatyāja (Vedic tityāja), tyakṣyati (rarely tyajiṣyati), atyākṣīt, tyaktum, to…
- त्यक्त tyaktaleft, resigned, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, left alone, etc.
- त्यक्तव्य tyaktavyato be left or abandoned or released, to be left to one's fate; to be removed or kept…
- त्यक्तुकाम tyaktu-kāmawishing to leave.
- त्यक्तृ tyaktṛresigning, leaving, abandoning, giving up, sacrificing; an abandoner, forsaker.
- त्यक्त्वा tyaktvāhaving left, abandoned, surrendered, etc.; leaving aside, disregarding, with exception of.
- त्यज्2 tyaj(at the end of a comp.) leaving, abandoning, giving up, dying, risking one's life;
- त्यजन tyajanaleaving, quitting, abandoning; giving; excepting, exclusion.
- त्यजनीय tyajanīyato be left or abandoned, to be avoided, to be excepted, etc.
- त्यजस् tyajasabandonment; difficulty, danger; alienation, estrangement, dislike, anger, aversion…
- त्याग tyāgaleaving, letting go, abandoning, forsaking, parting from, deserting, renouncing…
- त्यागिन् tyāginleaving, abandoning, renouncing; giving up, resigning; sacrificing; liberal; (ī), m. an…
- त्यागिम tyāgimaleft, abandoned.
- त्याजक tyājakaone who leaves, abandons, expels; leaving, abandoning, etc.
- त्याजित tyājitamade to quit or abandon; caused to be disregarded.
- त्याज्य tyājyato be left or abandoned or quitted, to be avoided or shunned, to be expelled, to be…
- त्यद् tyad(a pronoun composed of the base of the demonstrative pron. ta and the relative ya, and…
- त्यत्र tyatraat that place, there.
- त्यत्रत्य tyatratyaexisting or being there.
- त्यद tyadaa son of that person; (am), ind. (at the end of an adv. comp.) = tyad.
- त्यदायनि tyadāyania son of that person.
- त्यादृश् tyā-dṛśand tyā-dṛśa, as, ī, am, such a one as that.
- त्र1 traprotecting (in comp.; see aṃsa-t˚, aṅguli-t˚, ātapa-t˚, kaṭit˚, etc.).
- त्र2 trathree, in dvi-tra, q.v.
- त्रंस् traṃstraṃsati, traṃsayati, etc., to speak or shine.
- त्रख् trakhtrakhati, etc., to go, move.
- त्रङ्क् traṅktraṅkate, etc., to go, move.
- त्रङ्ख् traṅkhor traṅg, cl. 1. P. traṅkhati or traṅgati, etc., to go or move, (a various reading for…
- त्रङ्ग traṅgaa kind of town or name of a town; the city of Hari-ścandra supposed to be suspended in…
- त्रद tradasplitting, one who cleaves or opens; a creator; (Sāy.) = tardayitṛ, a killer or injurer…
- त्रन्द् trandtrandati, etc., to act, perform functions; to endeavour, strive; to be busy.
- त्रप् traptrapate, trepe, trapiṣyate and trapsyate, atrapiṣṭa and atrapta, trapitum and traptum, to…
- त्रप trapa(more commonly ā, f.), perplexity, embarrassment, bashfulness, shame, modesty; (ā), f. an…
- त्रपमाण trapamāṇabeing ashamed.
- त्रपित trapitamodest, bashful, ashamed.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).