Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 216 of 554
- त्रपु traputin; lead;
- त्रपुल trapulatin, lead.
- त्रपुष trapuṣaname of a merchant; a cucumber or melon; (ī), f. = trapusī; (am), n. cucumber, the fruit…
- त्रपुस् trapustin;
- त्रपुस trapusacucumber, the fruit of the Trapusī; tin; (ī), f. coloquintida and other sorts of…
- त्रपाक trapākaname of a barbarous tribe.
- त्रपिष्ठ trapiṣṭha(superl. of tṛpra), highly satisfied, much pleased or contented.
- त्रपीयस् trapīyas(compar. of tṛpra), more satisfied, highly pleased.
- त्रपुटी trapuṭīsmall cardamoms;
- त्रपुस् trapusSee under rt. trap above.
- त्रप्र trapra(a various reading for vapra), lead.
- त्रप्स्य trapsyathin or diluted curds; (according to some authorities written drapsya and drapsa.)
- त्रय trayatriple, threefold, consisting of three, divided into three parts, of three kinds, treble…
- त्रयस् trayasof tri, three, (used in comp. with a following decad, except asīti which takes tri. The…
- त्रययाय्य trayayāyya(according to Sāy.) = trātavya, to be protected.
- त्रयोदशन् trayo-daśanSee trayas above.
- त्रय्यारुण trayyāruṇaname of a prince, a son of Tri-dhanvan; a son of Uru-kṣaya; name of the Vyāsa in the…
- त्रवाडिलघु travāḍi-laghuname of the father of Mahī-dhara.
- त्रस्1 trastrāsayati, -yitum, to take, seize; to hold; to oppose, prevent, forbid.
- त्रस्2 tras4. P. (ep. also A.) trasati, trasyati, tatrāsa (3rd pl. tatrasus and tresus), trasiṣyati…
- त्रस trasamovable, moving, locomotive; (am), n. the collective body of moving or living beings…
- त्रसन trasanain hasti-trasanāni, the moving ornaments of an elephant (?).
- त्रसर trasaraa shuttle; weaving; = tasara.
- त्रसुर trasuratrembling, timid, fearful.
- त्रस्त trastafrighted, alarmed; timid, trembling, fearful; quick.
- त्रस्नु trasnufearful, timid, timorous.
- त्रस्यत् trasyatfearing, apprehending.
- त्रास trāsamoving, movable, locomotive; frightening; (as), m. fear, terror, anxiety; terrifying…
- त्रासदस्यव trāsadasyavaa patronymic from Trasad-dasyu; (am), n., name of a Sāman.
- त्रासन trāsanaterrifying, alarming, frightening (with genitive), making anxious; (as), m. epithet of…
- त्रासनीय trāsanīyato be dreaded, frightened, etc.
- त्रासित trāsitafrightened, scared, alarmed.
- त्रासिन् trāsinfearful, timid, afraid.
- त्रा1 trā(by native authorities written trai, q.v.), cl. 1. A. trāyate, etc., to protect, etc. See…
- त्रा2 trāa protector, a defender;
- त्राण trāṇapreserved, saved, guarded, protected; (am), n. protecting, preserving; protection, a…
- त्रात trātapreserved, rescued, guarded, protected; (as), m., name of a man; (am), n. preserving…
- त्रातव्य trātavyato be guarded or protected.
- त्रातृ trātṛa protector, saviour, guardian, defender; protecting, defending.
- त्रात्र trātradefence, protection.
- त्रात्वा trātvāhaving preserved or rescued.
- त्रामन् trāmanprotection;
- त्रायत् trāyatpreserving, defending, protecting; (antī), f. a protectress; a medicinal plant;
- त्रायन्तिका trāyantikāa medicinal plant.
- त्रायमाण trāyamāṇapreserving, defending, a preserver; (ā), f., name of a medicinal plant; also trāyamāṇikā…
- त्राहि trāhisave! deliver! to the rescue!
- त्रापुष trāpuṣamade of tin; silver (produced from tin).
- त्रापुस trāpusasprung or coming from the plant Trapusī.
- त्रायोदश trāyodaśarelating etc. to the thirteenth day of a halfmoon.
- त्रि tritisras f. pl., trīṇi n. pl., three;
- त्रिंश triṃśathe thirtieth, constituting the thirtieth part; joined with thirty (e.g. triṃśaṃ śatam…
- त्रिंशक triṃśakaconsisting of thirty parts, divided into thirty; bought for thirty, worth thirty; (am)…
- त्रिंशत् triṃśatthirty, the number thirty.
- त्रिंशति triṃśati= triṃśat, thirty;
- त्रिंशत्क triṃśatkaan aggregate or collection of thirty.
- त्रिंशत्तम triṃśat-tamathe thirtieth.
- त्रिंशत्पत्त्र triṃśat-pattrathe white esculent waterlily, Nymphæa Esculenta.
- त्रिंशद्विंश triṃśad-viṃśaabout twenty or thirty, between twenty and thirty.
- त्रिंशिन् triṃśincontaining thirty, consisting of thirty.
- त्रिक trikatriple, threefold; trine, forming a triad; trebly repeated, happening the third time…
- त्रित trita(in the Atharva-veda also tṛta), name of a Vedic deity …
- त्रितय tritayaconsisting of three parts; (am), n. a collection of three, τριάς.
- त्रिस् tristhrice, three times, at three places; (followed by gutturals and palatals there may be…
- त्रिगूढ trigūḍhathe dancing or acting of a man in female attire, (evidently a wrong form for strī-gūḍha);
- त्रिङ्ख् triṅkhtriṅkhati, etc., to go, move.
- त्रिचरित्र tricaritraa wrong reading for strī-caritra;
- त्रिण triṇa= tṛṇa, grass.
- त्रिणाक tri-ṇākap. 389, col. 3.
- त्रिपु tripua thief.
- त्रिभुक्ति tribhuktifor tīra-bhukti, q.v.
- त्रियूह triyūhaa chesnut-coloured horse;
- त्रिल्लक trillakaand trillasena, as, m., name of two men.
- त्रिषम triṣama= hrasva, short (?).
- त्रिस् trisSee above.
- त्रीणि trīṇithree. See tri.
- त्रीशट trīśaṭaname of the author of a medical work.
- त्रुट् truṭtruṭati, truṭyati, tutroṭa, truṭitum, to be torn or split, to tear, break, burst, snap…
- त्रुटि truṭi(or truṭī, f. ?), cutting, breaking, a tear, split; a small part, an atom or a visible…
- त्रुटित truṭitacut, broken, divided, hurt, wounded, chapped, chafed.
- त्रोटि troṭithe beak or bill of a bird; the mouth of a fish; a kind of bird; a kind of pike (Esox…
- त्रुड् truḍ= truṭ, q.v.
- त्रुप् trupor truph or trump or trumph, cl. 1. P. tropati or trophati or trumpati or trumphati…
- त्रेता tretāa triad, a collection or assemblage of three, a triplet; the three sacred fires…
- त्रेतिनी tretinīthe threefold flame of the three fires of the altar.
- त्रेधा tre-dhā= tri-dhā, triply, in three parts, in three ways, in three places.
- त्रैंश traiṃśascil. brāhmaṇa, the Brāhmaṇa consisting of thirty Adhyāyas.
- त्रैंशिक traiṃśikaconsisting of thirty.
- त्रैककुद traikakudacoming from the mountain Tri-kakud.
- त्रैककुभ traikakubhaname of a Sāman.
- त्रैकण्टक traikaṇṭakacoming from or made of the plant Tri-kaṇṭaka.
- त्रैकालज्ञ traikāla-jñaprobably a wrong reading for traikālya-jña;
- त्रैकालिक traikālikarelating to the three times, i.e. past, present, and future.
- त्रैकाल्य traikālyathe three times; past, present, and future time; sunrise, noon, and sunset; tripartition…
- त्रैकुन्तक traikuntaka?, a kind of ornament.
- त्रैगर्त traigartabelonging to the Trigartas; (as), m. a prince of the Trigartas; (ī), f. a princess of the…
- त्रैगर्तक traigartakabelonging to the Trigartas.
- त्रैगुणिक traiguṇikarelating or belonging to three qualities, repeated three times, triple, relating to…
- त्रैगुण्य traiguṇyathe state of consisting of three threads, qualities, etc.; triplicity, tripleness, a…
- त्रैचीवरिक traicīvarikapossessing three mendicant garments.
- त्रैत traitaa triad, a collection of three, the aggregate of three, triplicity;, name of a Sāman.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).