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Monks’ Rules Analysis 97 भिक्खुविभङ्ग 97

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64. Duṭṭhullasikkhāpada

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

Verse: 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263 · Hide pronunciation

1. 1

   थेरवादthe·ra·vā·da विनयvi·na·ya

   Theravāda Vinaya

   Theravāda Collection on Monastic Law

2. 2

   महाविभङ्गma·hā·vi·bhaṅ·ga

   Mahāvibhaṅga

   The Great Analysis

3. 3

   पाचित्तियकण्डpā·cit·ti·ya·kaṇ·ḍa

   Pācittiyakaṇḍa

   The chapter on offenses entailing confession

4. 4

   सप्पाणकवग्गsap·pā·ṇa·ka·vag·ga

   Sappāṇakavagga

   The subchapter on containing living beings

5. 5

   64। दुट्ठुल्लसिक्खापदduṭ·ṭhul·la·sik·khā·pa·da

   64. Duṭṭhullasikkhāpada

   Concealing a grave offense

6. 6

   Origin story

7. 7

   तेनte·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā सावत्थियंsā·vat·thi·yaṃ विहरतिvi·ha·ra·ti जेतवनेje·ta·va·ne अनाथपिण्डिकस्सa·nā·tha·piṇ·ḍi·kas·sa आरामे।ā·rā·me

   Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.

   At one time when the Buddha was staying at Sāvatthī in Anāthapiṇḍika’s Monastery,

8. 8

   तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na आयस्माā·yas·mā उपनन्दोu·pa·nan·do सक्यपुत्तोsak·ya·put·to सञ्चेतनिकंsañ·ce·ta·ni·kaṃ सुक्कविस्सट्ठिंsuk·ka·vis·saṭ·ṭhiṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपज्जित्वाā·paj·jit·vā भातुनोbhā·tu·no सद्धिविहारिकस्सsad·dhi·vi·hā·ri·kas·sa भिक्खुनोbhik·khu·no आरोचेसि—ā·ro·ce·si

   Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā upanando sakyaputto sañcetanikaṁ sukkavissaṭṭhiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitvā bhātuno saddhivihārikassa bhikkhuno ārocesi—

   Venerable Upananda the Sakyan had committed an offense of intentional emission of semen.

9. 9

   “अहं,a·haṃ आवुसो,ā·vu·so सञ्चेतनिकंsañ·ce·ta·ni·kaṃ सुक्कविस्सट्ठिंsuk·ka·vis·saṭ·ṭhiṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपन्नो।ā·pan·no

   “ahaṁ, āvuso, sañcetanikaṁ sukkavissaṭṭhiṁ āpattiṁ āpanno.

   He told his brother’s student about this,

10. 10

    माmā कस्सचिkas·sa·ci आरोचेही”ति।ā·ro·ce·hī

    Mā kassaci ārocehī”ti.

    adding, “Don’t tell anyone.”

11. 11

    तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na अञ्ञतरोañ·ña·ta·ro भिक्खुbhik·khu सञ्चेतनिकंsañ·ce·ta·ni·kaṃ सुक्कविस्सट्ठिंsuk·ka·vis·saṭ·ṭhiṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपज्जित्वाā·paj·jit·vā सङ्घंsaṅ·ghaṃ तस्साtas·sā आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā परिवासंpa·ri·vā·saṃ याचि।yā·ci

    Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu sañcetanikaṁ sukkavissaṭṭhiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitvā saṅghaṁ tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ yāci.

    Soon afterwards another monk also committed an offense of intentional emission of semen. He asked the Sangha for probation,

12. 12

    तस्सtas·sa सङ्घोsaṅ·gho तस्साtas·sā आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā परिवासंpa·ri·vā·saṃ अदासि।a·dā·si

    Tassa saṅgho tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ adāsi.

    which he got.

13. 13

    सोso परिवसन्तोpa·ri·va·san·to तंtaṃ भिक्खुंbhik·khuṃ पस्सित्वाpas·sit·vā एतदवोच—e·ta·da·vo·ca

    So parivasanto taṁ bhikkhuṁ passitvā etadavoca—

    While he was on probation, he saw Upananda’s brother’s student and said to him,

14. 14

    “अहं,a·haṃ आवुसो,ā·vu·so सञ्चेतनिकंsañ·ce·ta·ni·kaṃ सुक्कविस्सट्ठिंsuk·ka·vis·saṭ·ṭhiṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपज्जित्वाā·paj·jit·vā सङ्घंsaṅ·ghaṃ तस्साtas·sā आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā परिवासंpa·ri·vā·saṃ याचिं,yā·ciṃ तस्सtas·sa मेme सङ्घोsaṅ·gho तस्साtas·sā आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā परिवासंpa·ri·vā·saṃ अदासि,a·dā·si सोहंso·haṃ परिवसामि,pa·ri·va·sā·mi वेदियामहं,ve·di·yā·ma·haṃ आवुसो,ā·vu·so वेदियतीतिve·di·ya·tī·ti मंmaṃ आयस्माā·yas·mā धारेतू”ति।dhā·re·tū

    “ahaṁ, āvuso, sañcetanikaṁ sukkavissaṭṭhiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitvā saṅghaṁ tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ yāciṁ, tassa me saṅgho tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ adāsi, sohaṁ parivasāmi, vediyāmahaṁ, āvuso, vediyatīti maṁ āyasmā dhāretū”ti.

    “I’ve committed an offense of intentional emission of semen. I asked the Sangha for probation, which I got. I’m now undergoing probation. Please remember me as such.”

15. 15

    “किंkiṃ नुnu खो,kho आवुसो,ā·vu·so योyo अञ्ञोपिañ·ño·pi इमंi·maṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपज्जतिā·paj·ja·ti सोपिso·pi एवंe·vaṃ करोती”ति?ka·ro·tī

    “Kiṁ nu kho, āvuso, yo aññopi imaṁ āpattiṁ āpajjati sopi evaṁ karotī”ti?

    “Do others who have committed this offense need to do the same?”

16. 16

    “एवमावुसो”ति।e·va·mā·vu·so

    “Evamāvuso”ti.

    “Yes.”

17. 17

    “अयं,a·yaṃ आवुसो,ā·vu·so आयस्माā·yas·mā उपनन्दोu·pa·nan·do सक्यपुत्तोsak·ya·put·to सञ्चेतनिकंsañ·ce·ta·ni·kaṃ सुक्कविस्सट्ठिंsuk·ka·vis·saṭ·ṭhiṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ आपज्जित्वाā·paj·jit·vā सोso मेme आरोचेतिā·ro·ce·ti माmā कस्सचिkas·sa·ci आरोचेही”ति।ā·ro·ce·hī

    “Ayaṁ, āvuso, āyasmā upanando sakyaputto sañcetanikaṁ sukkavissaṭṭhiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitvā so me āroceti mā kassaci ārocehī”ti.

    “Venerable Upananda committed this offense and told me not to tell anyone.”

18. 18

    “किंkiṃ पनpa·na त्वं,tvaṃ आवुसो,ā·vu·so पटिच्छादेसी”ति?pa·ṭic·chā·de·sī

    “Kiṁ pana tvaṁ, āvuso, paṭicchādesī”ti?

    “So did you conceal it?”

19. 19

    “एवमावुसो”ति।e·va·mā·vu·so

    “Evamāvuso”ti.

    “Yes.”

20. 20

    अथa·tha खोkho सोso भिक्खुbhik·khu भिक्खूनंbhik·khū·naṃ एतमत्थंe·ta·mat·thaṃ आरोचेसि।ā·ro·ce·si

    Atha kho so bhikkhu bhikkhūnaṁ etamatthaṁ ārocesi.

    That monk then told other monks.

21. 21

    येye तेte भिक्खूbhik·khū अप्पिच्छाap·pic·chā …पे…pe तेte उज्झायन्तिuj·jhā·yan·ti खिय्यन्तिkhiy·yan·ti विपाचेन्ति—vi·pā·cen·ti

    Ye te bhikkhū appicchā …pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—

    The monks of few desires complained and criticized him,

22. 22

    “कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma भिक्खुbhik·khu भिक्खुस्सbhik·khus·sa जानंjā·naṃ दुट्ठुल्लंduṭ·ṭhul·laṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ पटिच्छादेस्सती”तिpa·ṭic·chā·des·sa·tī …पे…pe

    “kathañhi nāma bhikkhu bhikkhussa jānaṁ duṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ paṭicchādessatī”ti …pe…

    “How could a monk knowingly conceal a monk’s grave offense?” …

23. 23

    “सच्चंsac·caṃ किरki·ra त्वं,tvaṃ भिक्खु,bhik·khu भिक्खुस्सbhik·khus·sa जानंjā·naṃ दुट्ठुल्लंduṭ·ṭhul·laṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ पटिच्छादेसी”ति।pa·ṭic·chā·de·sī

    “saccaṁ kira tvaṁ, bhikkhu, bhikkhussa jānaṁ duṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ paṭicchādesī”ti.

    “Is it true, monk, that you did this?”

24. 24

    “सच्चं,sac·caṃ भगवा”ति।bha·ga·vā

    “Saccaṁ, bhagavā”ti.

    “It’s true, sir.”

25. 25

    विगरहिvi·ga·ra·hi बुद्धोbud·dho भगवाbha·ga·vā …पे…pe

    Vigarahi buddho bhagavā …pe…

    The Buddha rebuked him …

26. 26

    कथञ्हिka·thañ·hi नामnā·ma त्वं,tvaṃ मोघपुरिस,mo·gha·pu·ri·sa भिक्खुस्सbhik·khus·sa जानंjā·naṃ दुट्ठुल्लंduṭ·ṭhul·laṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ पटिच्छादेस्ससि।pa·ṭic·chā·des·sa·si

    kathañhi nāma tvaṁ, moghapurisa, bhikkhussa jānaṁ duṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ paṭicchādessasi.

    “Foolish man, how could you do this?

27. 27

    नेतं,ne·taṃ मोघपुरिस,mo·gha·pu·ri·sa अप्पसन्नानंap·pa·san·nā·naṃ वाvā पसादायpa·sā·dā·ya …पे…pe

    Netaṁ, moghapurisa, appasannānaṁ vā pasādāya …pe…

    This will affect people’s confidence …” …

28. 28

    एवञ्चe·vañ·ca पन,pa·na भिक्खवे,bhik·kha·ve इमंi·maṃ सिक्खापदंsik·khā·pa·daṃ उद्दिसेय्याथ—ud·di·sey·yā·tha

    evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—

    “And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:

29. 29

    Final ruling

30. 30

    “योyo पनpa·na भिक्खुbhik·khu भिक्खुस्सbhik·khus·sa जानंjā·naṃ दुट्ठुल्लंduṭ·ṭhul·laṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ पटिच्छादेय्य,pa·ṭic·chā·dey·ya पाचित्तियन्”ति।pā·cit·ti·yan

    “Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa jānaṁ duṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ paṭicchādeyya, pācittiyan”ti.

    ‘If a monk knowingly conceals a monk’s grave offense, he commits an offense entailing confession.’”

31. 31

    Definitions

32. 32

    योyo पनातिpa·nā·ti

    Yo panāti

    A:

33. 33

    योyo यादिसोyā·di·so …पे…pe

    yo yādiso …pe…

    whoever …

34. 34

    भिक्खूतिbhik·khū·ti

    bhikkhūti

    Monk:

35. 35

    …पे…pe अयंa·yaṃ इमस्मिंi·mas·miṃ अत्थेat·the अधिप्पेतोa·dhip·pe·to भिक्खूति।bhik·khū·ti

    …pe… ayaṁ imasmiṁ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.

    … The monk who has been given the full ordination by a unanimous Sangha through a legal procedure consisting of one motion and three announcements that is irreversible and fit to stand—this sort of monk is meant in this case.

36. 36

    भिक्खुस्सातिbhik·khus·sā·ti

    Bhikkhussāti

    A monk’s:

37. 37

    अञ्ञस्सañ·ñas·sa भिक्खुस्स।bhik·khus·sa

    aññassa bhikkhussa.

    another monk’s.

38. 38

    जानातिjā·nā·ti नामnā·ma

    Jānāti nāma

    Knowingly:

39. 39

    सामंsā·maṃ वाvā जानातिjā·nā·ti अञ्ञेañ·ñe वाvā तस्सtas·sa आरोचेन्ति,ā·ro·cen·ti सोso वाvā आरोचेति।ā·ro·ce·ti

    sāmaṁ vā jānāti aññe vā tassa ārocenti, so vā āroceti.

    he knows by himself or others have told him or the offender has told him.

40. 40

    दुट्ठुल्लाduṭ·ṭhul·lā नामnā·ma आपत्तिā·pat·ti

    Duṭṭhullā nāma āpatti

    Grave offense:

41. 41

    चत्तारिcat·tā·ri चca पाराजिकानिpā·rā·ji·kā·ni तेरसte·ra·sa चca सङ्घादिसेसा।saṅ·ghā·di·se·sā

    cattāri ca pārājikāni terasa ca saṅghādisesā.

    the four offenses entailing expulsion and the thirteen entailing suspension.

42. 42

    पटिच्छादेय्यातिpa·ṭic·chā·dey·yā·ti

    Paṭicchādeyyāti

    Conceals:

43. 43

    “इमंi·maṃ जानित्वाjā·nit·vā चोदेस्सन्ति,co·des·san·ti सारेस्सन्तिsā·res·san·ti खुंसेस्सन्ति,khuṃ·ses·san·ti वम्भेस्सन्ति,vam·bhes·san·ti मङ्कुंmaṅ·kuṃ करिस्सन्तिka·ris·san·ti नारोचेस्सामी”तिnā·ro·ces·sā·mī धुरंdhu·raṃ निक्खित्तमत्ते,nik·khit·ta·mat·te आपत्तिā·pat·ti पाचित्तियस्स।pā·cit·ti·yas·sa

    “imaṁ jānitvā codessanti, sāressanti khuṁsessanti, vambhessanti, maṅkuṁ karissanti nārocessāmī”ti dhuraṁ nikkhittamatte, āpatti pācittiyassa.

    thinking, “If they find out about this, they’ll accuse him, remind him, scold him, censure him, humiliate him; I won’t tell,” then by the mere fact of abandoning his duty, he commits an offense entailing confession.

44. 44

    Permutations

45. 45

    दुट्ठुल्लायduṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā दुट्ठुल्लापत्तिसञ्ञीduṭ·ṭhul·lā·pat·ti·sañ·ñī पटिच्छादेति,pa·ṭic·chā·de·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti पाचित्तियस्स।pā·cit·ti·yas·sa

    Duṭṭhullāya āpattiyā duṭṭhullāpattisaññī paṭicchādeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.

    If it is a grave offense, and he perceives it as such, and he conceals it, he commits an offense entailing confession.

46. 46

    दुट्ठुल्लायduṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā वेमतिकोve·ma·ti·ko पटिच्छादेति,pa·ṭic·chā·de·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Duṭṭhullāya āpattiyā vematiko paṭicchādeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is a grave offense, but he is unsure of it, and he conceals it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

47. 47

    दुट्ठुल्लायduṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā अदुट्ठुल्लापत्तिसञ्ञीa·duṭ·ṭhul·lā·pat·ti·sañ·ñī पटिच्छादेति,pa·ṭic·chā·de·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Duṭṭhullāya āpattiyā aduṭṭhullāpattisaññī paṭicchādeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is a grave offense, but he perceives it as minor, and he conceals it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

48. 48

    अदुट्ठुल्लंa·duṭ·ṭhul·laṃ आपत्तिंā·pat·tiṃ पटिच्छादेति,pa·ṭic·chā·de·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Aduṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ paṭicchādeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If he conceals a minor offense, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

49. 49

    अनुपसम्पन्नस्सa·nu·pa·sam·pan·nas·sa दुट्ठुल्लंduṭ·ṭhul·laṃ वाvā अदुट्ठुल्लंa·duṭ·ṭhul·laṃ वाvā अज्झाचारंaj·jhā·cā·raṃ पटिच्छादेति,pa·ṭic·chā·de·ti आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Anupasampannassa duṭṭhullaṁ vā aduṭṭhullaṁ vā ajjhācāraṁ paṭicchādeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If he conceals the grave or minor misconduct of one who is not fully ordained, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

50. 50

    अदुट्ठुल्लायa·duṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā दुट्ठुल्लापत्तिसञ्ञी,duṭ·ṭhul·lā·pat·ti·sañ·ñī आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Aduṭṭhullāya āpattiyā duṭṭhullāpattisaññī, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is a minor offense, but he perceives it as grave, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

51. 51

    अदुट्ठुल्लायa·duṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā वेमतिको,ve·ma·ti·ko आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Aduṭṭhullāya āpattiyā vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is a minor offense, but he is unsure of it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

52. 52

    अदुट्ठुल्लायa·duṭ·ṭhul·lā·ya आपत्तियाā·pat·ti·yā अदुट्ठुल्लापत्तिसञ्ञी,a·duṭ·ṭhul·lā·pat·ti·sañ·ñī आपत्तिā·pat·ti दुक्कटस्स।duk·ka·ṭas·sa

    Aduṭṭhullāya āpattiyā aduṭṭhullāpattisaññī, āpatti dukkaṭassa.

    If it is a minor offense, and he perceives it as such, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.

53. 53

    Non-offenses

54. 54

    अनापत्ति—a·nā·pat·ti

    Anāpatti—

    There is no offense:

55. 55

    “सङ्घस्सsaṅ·ghas·sa भण्डनंbhaṇ·ḍa·naṃ वाvā कलहोka·la·ho वाvā विग्गहोvig·ga·ho वाvā विवादोvi·vā·do वाvā भविस्सती”तिbha·vis·sa·tī नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    “saṅghassa bhaṇḍanaṁ vā kalaho vā viggaho vā vivādo vā bhavissatī”ti nāroceti,

    if he does not tell because he thinks there will be quarrels or disputes in the Sangha;

56. 56

    “सङ्घभेदोsaṅ·gha·bhe·do वाvā सङ्घराजिsaṅ·gha·rā·ji वाvā भविस्सती”तिbha·vis·sa·tī नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    “saṅghabhedo vā saṅgharāji vā bhavissatī”ti nāroceti,

    if he does not tell because he thinks there will be a fracture or schism in the Sangha;

57. 57

    “अयंa·yaṃ कक्खळोkak·kha·ḷo फरुसोpha·ru·so जीवितन्तरायंjī·vi·tan·ta·rā·yaṃ वाvā ब्रह्मचरियन्तरायंbrah·ma·ca·ri·yan·ta·rā·yaṃ वाvā करिस्सती”तिka·ris·sa·tī नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    “ayaṁ kakkhaḷo pharuso jīvitantarāyaṁ vā brahmacariyantarāyaṁ vā karissatī”ti nāroceti,

    if he does not tell because he thinks the person he is telling about is cruel and harsh and that he might become a threat to life or to the monastic life;

58. 58

    अञ्ञेañ·ñe पतिरूपेpa·ti·rū·pe भिक्खूbhik·khū अपस्सन्तोa·pas·san·to नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    aññe patirūpe bhikkhū apassanto nāroceti,

    if he does not tell because he does not see any suitable monks;

59. 59

    नछादेतुकामोna·chā·de·tu·kā·mo नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    nachādetukāmo nāroceti,

    if he does not tell, but not because he wants to conceal;

60. 60

    “पञ्ञायिस्सतिpañ·ñā·yis·sa·ti सकेनsa·ke·na कम्मेना”तिkam·me·nā नारोचेति,nā·ro·ce·ti

    “paññāyissati sakena kammenā”ti nāroceti,

    if he does not tell because he thinks the other person will be known through his own actions;

61. 61

    उम्मत्तकस्स,um·mat·ta·kas·sa

    ummattakassa,

    if he is insane;

62. 62

    आदिकम्मिकस्साति।ā·di·kam·mi·kas·sā·ti

    ādikammikassāti.

    if he is the first offender.

63. 63

    दुट्ठुल्लसिक्खापदंduṭ·ṭhul·la·sik·khā·pa·daṃ निट्ठितंniṭ·ṭhi·taṃ चतुत्थं।ca·tut·thaṃ

    Duṭṭhullasikkhāpadaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ catutthaṁ.

    The training rule on concealing a grave offense, the fourth, is finished.

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.