Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
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55,387 headwords · page 213 of 554
- तूणव tūṇavaa wind instrument, a flute (?).
- तूणिक tūṇikaSee above.
- तूतक tūtaka= tuttha, blue vitriol.
- तूतुजान tūtujānahastening, quick, eager, ardent.
- तूतुजि tūtujiquick, swift; (a various reading has tūtujit.)
- तूतुम tūtumagranting much (?); (Sāy.) quick, active;
- तूद tūda= tūla-vṛkṣa, the cotton tree; also توت the mulberry tree; Thespesia Populneoides; (ī)…
- तूपर tūparahornless, (often applied to a goat, and sometimes used alone to denote ‘a hornless goat.’)
- तूबर tūbarasee tūvara; tūbarikā, tubarī, and tūbarīkā, f. = tubarikā, a kind of earth.
- तूय tūyastrong, powerful; (Sāy.) quick, not delaying; (am), n. water; (am), ind. quickly, swiftly.
- तूर्1 tūrtūryate, etc., to go quickly, make haste; to kill, hurt, injure.
- तूर्2 tūrhastening; a courier; (r), f. speed, swift motion, swiftness;
- तूर tūra= 1. tūrya, any musical instrument; (ī), f. a thorn-apple;
- तूर्घ्न tūrghnaname of the northern part of Kuru-kṣetra.
- तूर्ण tūrṇaquick, expeditious; fleet; (am), n. rapidity, quickness; (am), ind. quick, swift…
- तूर्णक tūrṇakaor am, m. or n. (?), a sort of rice which ripens quickly.
- तूर्णि tūrṇiquick, swift, expeditious; clever, zealous; (is), m. f. speed, velocity, expedition…
- तूर्त tūrtaquick, speedy.
- तूर्णाश tūrṇāśawater; a waterfall (?).
- तूर्य1 tūryaan abstract noun of 2. tur, occurring at the end of comp.; (as, am), m. n. a musical…
- तूर्य2 tūrya(for turya), a fourth, a quarter.
- तूर्वयाण tūrvayāṇaoverpowering; (Sāy.) going quickly, having a rapid course (as if tūrva-yāna); (as), m…
- तूर्वि tūrviexcelling, superior; (Sāy.) quick, rapid.
- तूल् tūlaccording to some cl. 10. P. A. tūlati, tūlayati, te, etc., to ascertain quantity or…
- तूल tūlaa tuft of grass or reeds etc.; the panicle of a flower or plant; (as, am), m. n. cotton…
- तूलक tūlakacotton.
- तूलि tūlia painter's brush or pencil or a fibrous stick so used and for other purposes;
- तूलिका tūlikāa pencil, a brush, a painter's brush or stick with a fibrous extremity used as one; a…
- तूलिनी tūlinīthe silk-cotton tree; a kind of bulbous plant, = lakṣmaṇā-kanda.
- तूवर tūvaraastringent; (as), m. an astringent taste; a bull without horns though of an age to have…
- तूवरक tūvarakaunmanly; a eunuch; (used as a taunt or abusive epithet.)
- तूवरिका tūvarikā= tuvarikā, a kind of earth.
- तूष् tūṣtūṣati, etc., to be satisfied or pleased; to satisfy.
- तूष tūṣaa lappet, the border or fringe of a garment.
- तूष्णीम् tūṣṇīmsilent, in silence, silently, quietly, still, softly, without speaking, without noise.
- तूष्णीक tūṣṇīkasilent, taciturn; (am or ām), ind. silently, quickly.
- तूस्त tūstaa braid of hair, matted or clotted hair; dust; sin; an atom, any very minute or delicate…
- तृ tṛ(for stṛ), Vedic a star;
- तृंह् tṛṃhSee rt. tṛh, p. 383, col. 2.
- तृंहण tṛṃhaṇacrushing, bruising, hurting, killing.
- तृंहणीय tṛṃhaṇīyato be crushed, killed, etc.
- तृढ tṛḍhacrushed, bruised, hurt, injured, etc. See under rt. tṛh, p. 383.
- तृक्वन् tṛkvana thief; (also read trikvan and rikvan.)
- तृक्ष् tṛkṣtṛkṣati, etc., to go, move or approach;
- तृक्ष tṛkṣaor tṛkṣas, as, n., Vedic strength (?),; (as), m. a kind of tree (?); name of a man.
- तृक्षाक tṛkṣākaname of a man.
- तृक्षि tṛkṣiname of a man with the patronymic Trāsadasyava.
- तृख tṛkhanutmeg.
- तृच tṛcaor trica, as, am, m. n., a strophe consisting of three verses;
- तृढ tṛḍhaSee above.
- तृण् tṛṇtṛṇoti, -ṇute, or tarṇoti, -ṇute, etc., to eat (especially grass), to graze;
- तृण tṛṇagrass, a herb or any gramineous plant, a blade of grass, a bamboo, a reed, (often a…
- तृणक tṛṇakagrass, a worthless blade of grass; (as), m., name of a man.
- तृणकीया tṛṇakīyāa grassy place.
- तृणस tṛṇasagrassy, abounding in grass, etc.
- तृणीकृ tṛṇī-kṛ-karoti, -kartum, to make straw of, to make light of.
- तृणीय tṛṇīyarelating to grass (?).
- तृण्या tṛṇyāa heap or quantity of grass or straw.
- तृणता2 tṛṇatā(for 1. see under tṛṇa, col. 1), a bow, = triṇatā.
- तृणमत्कृण tṛṇamatkṛṇaor tṛṇamatkuṇa, as, m. a bail or surety, security, warranty; (the right reading may be…
- तृणाङ्कु tṛṇāṅkuname of an ancient sage.
- तृणामल्ल tṛṇāmallaname of a temple; (also read triṇāmalla and trimalla and tṛṇāvallītīrtha.)
- तृण्ण tṛṇṇaSee under rt. tṛd below.
- तृत tṛtaq.v.
- तृतीय tṛtīyathe third; forming or constituting the third part; (as), m., scil. varṇa, the third…
- तृतीयक tṛtīyakarecurring every third day, tertian (as fever etc.); occurring for the third time; the…
- तृतीयाकृ tṛtīyā-kṛ-karoti, -kurute, -kartum, to plough for the third time.
- तृतीयिन् tṛtīyinholding the third place or rank; having or receiving a third as one's share.
- तृत्सु tṛtsuavas, m. pl., Vedic, name of a Vedic race or family; (Sāy.) injurious, an enemy.
- तृद् tṛdtṛṇatti, tṛntte or tṛnte, tatarda, tatṛde, tardiṣyati, -te, and tartsyati, -te, atṛdat…
- तृण्ण tṛṇṇasplit, pierced, cut, injured, etc.
- तृदिल tṛdilahaving holes, porous; (Sāy.) splitting, cleaving.
- तृप्1 tṛptṛpyati, tṛpnoti (Vedic tṛpṇoti), tṛpati or tṛmpati, tatarpa; tarpiṣyati, tarpsyati…
- तृप्2 tṛpat the end of a comp. in a-sutṛp and paśu-tṛp.
- तृप tṛpaSee a-tṛpa.
- तृपत् tṛpatwith pleasure or enjoyment, to one's satisfaction; (t), m. a parasol; the moon.
- तृपल tṛpalaquick, restless, hasty, anxious; pleased, glad; (ā), f. a creeper or creeping plant;
- तृपा tṛpāa kind of plant;
- तृपाय tṛpāyatṛpāyate, etc.
- तृप्त tṛptasatiated, satisfied, contented; (am), n. the becoming satiated, satisfaction.
- तृप्ताय tṛptāyatṛptāyate, etc., to be or become satiated or satisfied.
- तृप्ति tṛptisatisfaction, contentment; satiety, disgust; hilarity, pleasure, gratification; Vedic…
- तृप्तिन् tṛptinsatiated, satisfied.
- तृप्र tṛprarestless, hasty, anxious; pleased, contented, (compar. trapīyas, superl. trapiṣṭha)…
- तृप्रालु tṛprāluhaving ghee, but not liking it or not blending with it.
- तृपु tṛpua thief;
- तृफ् tṛphtṛphati, etc., = 1. tṛp, to satisfy, gratify, please; to be contented or pleased; to…
- तृफला tṛphalā= tri-phalā, the three myrobalans.
- तृफू tṛphūa serpent in general, the serpent race.
- तृमदण्डिक tṛmadaṇḍikaname of a man.
- तृम्प् tṛmpor tṛmph, cl. 6. P. tṛmpati or tṛmphati, etc., = 1. tṛp, to be pleased or satisfied; to…
- तृम्फण tṛmphaṇapleasing.
- तृम्फणीय tṛmphaṇīyato be pleased, etc.
- तृष्1 tṛṣtṛṣyati, tatarṣa (Vedic 3rd pl. tātṛṣus, part. tātṛṣāṇa), atarṣat, tarṣitum, to be…
- तृष्2 tṛṣthirst; thirst after (metaphorically), wish, strong desire; Desire personified as a…
- तृषा tṛṣāthirst; strong desire or wish; Desire personified as a daughter of Kāma; a poisonous…
- तृषाण tṛṣāṇa(Vedic part.) being thirsty.
- तृषित tṛṣitathirsty, thirsting (physically or metaphorically); (am), n. thirst, desire.
- तृषित्वा tṛṣitvāor tarṣitvā, ind. having become thirsty.
- तृषु tṛṣugreedy, libidinous, thirsting for, eagerly desirous; rushing violently, quick.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).