Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
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55,387 headwords · page 212 of 554
- तुमल tumalaa various reading for tumula, q.v.
- तुमिञ्ज tumiñjaname of a man.
- तुमुर tumuramingled combat;
- तुमुल tumulatumultuous, noisy; excited, perplexed, confused; (as, am), m. n. uproar, tumult…
- तुम्प् tumpand tumph. See rt. tup.
- तुम्ब् tumbtumbati, etc., to distress, trouble, torment; to hurt, kill; cl. 10. P. tumbayati, etc…
- तुम्ब tumbaa kind of long gourd, Lagenaria Vulgaris; (ā), f. Lagenaria Vulgaris; a milk-pail or…
- तुम्बक tumbakathe gourd Lagenaria Vulgaris; (am), n. the fruit of this gourd.
- तुम्बि tumbior tumbikā, f. a long white gourd, Lagenaria Vulgaris.
- तुम्बिनी tumbinī= kaṭu-tumbī.
- तुम्बुक tumbukathe plant, and (am), n. the fruit, of Lagenaria Vulgaris.
- तुम्बर tumbaraor am, m. or n. (?), a kind of plant; (ī), f. = tuvarī, a sort of earth, = tubarī, a…
- तुम्बरु tumbaruname of a Gandharva;
- तुम्बुम tumbumaname of a race or people;
- तुम्बुर tumburaname of a race; (ī), f. coriander; a bitch;
- तुम्बुरु tumburuname of a pupil of Kalāpin; name of a Gandharva; name of the attendant of the fifth Arhat…
- तुम्र tumrabig, strong, powerful; wild; (Sāy.) energetic (= preraka); destroying or defeating…
- तुर्1 turturati, -te, etc., to hurry, hasten, press forwards, run; overcome; injure; cl. 3. P…
- तुर्2 turrunning a race, hastening, fighting, conquering, a warrior;
- तुर1 tura(for 2. 3. tura see p. 379, col. 1), Vedic furthering, promoting, a promoter; quick…
- तुरण turaṇaquick, swift, energetic; (am), n. haste.
- तुरण्य turaṇyaturaṇyati, etc., to be quick or swift; to make haste, to accelerate.
- तुरण्यसद् turaṇya-saddwelling among the quick or active.
- तुरण्यु turaṇyuquick, swift, energetic, zealous.
- तुरस्पेय turas-peyaanything drunk quickly (?).
- तुरी1 turīoverpowering strength, superior power. (For 2. turī see col. 2.)
- तुर्या turyāoverpowering or superior strength.
- तुर2 turastrong, powerful, excelling, surpassing, overpowering; an epithet of Indra, of the…
- तुरायण turāyaṇaname of a man; (am), n., name of a particular sacrifice or vow, = paurṇamāsa-vikāra, a…
- तुर3 turahurt, wounded; (according to Sāy. = ā-tura, q.v.)
- तुरकिन् turakinTurkish;
- तुरक्व turakvaname of a people, ‘the Turks;’
- तुरग tura-gaSee 1. tura, p. 378.
- तुरष्क turaṣkaname of a country and people mentioned in the Śrī-ṣavāyaṇa or part of the…
- तुराषाह् turā-ṣāhSee 2. tura, col. 1.
- तुरी2 turīthe fibrous stick used by weavers to clean and separate the threads of the woof; a…
- तुरीप turīpaseminal fluid; (as), m. an epithet of Tvaṣṭṛ, ‘spermatic.’
- तुरीय1 turīyaturīyati, etc., to go or move;
- तुरीय2 turīyafourth, a fourth; consisting of four parts; whose power extends on all four sides…
- तुरीयक turīyakaa fourth (part).
- तुर्य turya= 2. turīya, fourth, a fourth; (am), n. the fourth state of the soul, in which it becomes…
- तुरुष्क turuṣkaname of a race, the Indo-Scythian race or Turks; (as), m. the country of this race, Turan…
- तुर्फरि turphariaccording to Yāska = kṣipra-hantṛ, striking quickly; (according to Sāy., turpharī, du. =…
- तुर्फरीतु turpharītuaccording to Yāska = hantṛ, striking; (according to Sāy., turpharītū, du. = tarphitārau =…
- तुर्य turyaSee above under 2. turīya.
- तुर्या turyāSee col. 1.
- तुर्व् turvtūr-vati, tutūrva, tūrvitum, to overpower, overcome, excel; to cause to overpower or…
- तुर्वणि turvaṇioverpowering, excelling, victorious; (Sāy.) acting quickly, serving quickly, moving…
- तुर्वन् turvan(only used in the dat. turvaṇe), conquering, defeating, injuring.
- तुर्वश turvaśa(also written turvasu), Vedic, name of a hero and ancestor of the Āryan race, often…
- तुर्वसु turvasu(a later form of turvaśa), name of a son of Yayāti and Devayāni and brother of Yadu.
- तुर्वीति turvītiname of a man or of a race.
- तुल् tul(according to Vopa-deva also cl. 1. P.) tolayati or tulayati, -te, (the form tolayati is…
- तुलन tulanalifting, raising; weighing, measuring; rating, assessing, taxing; a particular high…
- तुलयित्वा tulayitvāhaving weighed, having counterpoised, having made equal or like, etc.
- तुला tulāa balance, especially a fine balance, the beam of a balance, goldsmith's or assay scales…
- तुलित tulitamade equal or like, equalled, compared (with inst., e.g. śaśāṅkena tulita, compared with…
- तुल्य tulyaequal to, of the same kind or class, well matched, similar, comparable, equally valuable…
- तुलकुचि tulakuciname of a prince.
- तुलभ tulabhaname of a warriortribe.
- तुलभीय tulabhīyaa prince of the above tribe.
- तुलसारिणी tulasāriṇī= tūṇa, a quiver.
- तुलसी tulasīor tulasikā, f. holy basil, a small shrub said to have been produced from the hair of the…
- तुलि tulior tulī, f. a fibrous stick or brush used by weavers for cleaning the threads of the…
- तुलिनी tulinīthe Simul or silk-cotton tree.
- तुलिका tulikāa small bird said to resemble the wagtail.
- तुल्य tulyaSee above.
- तुवर tuvaraastringent; beardless; (as, am), m. n. an astringent taste; (as), m. a sort of grain, =…
- तुवरक tuvarakaa sort of grain (?); name of a tree growing in the countries bordering on the western…
- तुवि tuvi= bahu, much, many, great, strong, excessive, very, (only used in the Vedic compounds…
- तुश्1 tuśtośate, etc., to drip, trickle; sprinkle; (Sāy.) to be struck; to be pressed out or…
- तुश्2 tuś(for tuṣ ?), cl. 1. A., Vedic tosate, etc., to quiet, pacify, appease, satisfy.
- तुष् tuṣ(ep. also A.) tuṣyati, -te, tutoṣa, tokṣyati, atuṣat, toṣṭum, to become tranquil or calm…
- तुषित tuṣitaa class of subordinate deities, thirty-six in number (sometimes reckoned as twelve in…
- तुष्ट tuṣṭasatisfied, contented, pleased, glad, etc.
- तुष्टि tuṣṭisatisfaction, gratification, contentment, pleasure; acquiescence, indifference to…
- तुष्ट्वा tuṣṭvāhaving pleased or satisfied.
- तुष्य tuṣyato be satisfied or gratified, easily satisfied; an epithet of Śiva.
- तोष toṣaetc. See s.v.
- तुष tuṣathe husk or chaff of grain, of corn, rice, etc.; Beleric Myrobalan, Terminalia Bellerica.
- तुषस्प tuṣaspaname of a man.
- तुषार tuṣāracold, frigid, frosty, dewy; (as), m. frost, cold; ice, snow, mist, dew, thin rain; name…
- तुषित tuṣitaetc. See under rt. tuṣ.
- तुष्टु tuṣṭua jewel worn in the ears.
- तुस् tustosati, etc., to sound.
- तुस tusathe husk of corn or rice, = tuṣa, q.v.
- तुस्त tustadust; husk; (a various reading for busta);
- तुह् tuhtohati, etc., to hurt, pain, kill.
- तुहर tuharaname of one of the attendants of Skanda; (also written tuhāra.)
- तुहिन tuhinacold, frigid, frosty; (am), n. mist, dew, snow, frost, cold; moonlight, moonshine…
- तुहुण्ड tuhuṇḍaname of a Dānava; of a son of Dhṛta-rāṣṭra.
- तूख tūkhaname of a man.
- तूड् tūḍtūḍati, etc., to split; to slight, disrespect.
- तूण् tūṇtūṇayati, -yitum, to shrink, contract, close as the eyelids, wink; A. tūṇayate, to fill…
- तूण tūṇaa quiver; (ī), f. an internal disease by which the anus and the bladder become painfully…
- तूणि tūṇia quiver; name of a prince, father of Yugan-dhara.
- तूणिक tūṇikaor tūṇīka, as, m., name of a tree, = nandī-vṛkṣa.
- तूणिन् tūṇinhaving a quiver, quivered; (ī), m., name of a tree, = nandī-vṛkṣa.
- तूणीर tūṇīraa quiver.
- तूणक tūṇakaa kind of metre consisting of four lines of fifteen syllables each.
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).