Pronunciation guide: Devanagari, IAST and endings
Vowels
| अ | a | a in “about” |
| आ | ā | a in “father” (long) |
| इ | i | i in “sit” |
| ई | ī | ee in “see” (long) |
| उ | u | u in “put” |
| ऊ | ū | oo in “food” (long) |
| ऋ | ṛ | vowel r, like “ri” in “rich” (short) |
| ॠ | ṝ | the same, held longer |
| ऌ | ḷ | vowel l, like “le” in “table” |
| ए | e | ay in “day” (always long) |
| ऐ | ai | ai in “aisle” |
| ओ | o | o in “go” (always long) |
| औ | au | ow in “now” |
Vowel signs (mātrās) after a consonant: का kā · कि ki · की kī · कु ku · कू kū · कृ kṛ · के ke · कै kai · को ko · कौ kau. A consonant with no sign has a built-in short a (क = ka).
Consonants
Throat (velar)
| क | k | k in “skin” |
| ख | kh | k with a puff, “blockhead” |
| ग | g | g in “go” |
| घ | gh | gh in “doghouse” |
| ङ | ṅ | ng in “sing” |
Palate
| च | c | ch in “church” |
| छ | ch | ch with a puff, “staunch heart” |
| ज | j | j in “jam” |
| झ | jh | dgeh in “hedgehog” |
| ञ | ñ | ny in “canyon” |
Tongue curled back (retroflex)
| ट | ṭ | t with the tongue tip curled back |
| ठ | ṭh | the same with a puff |
| ड | ḍ | d, tongue curled back |
| ढ | ḍh | the same with a puff |
| ण | ṇ | n, tongue curled back |
Teeth (dental)
| त | t | t with the tongue on the teeth (French t) |
| थ | th | t with a puff, “at home” (never “thin”) |
| द | d | d on the teeth |
| ध | dh | dh in “adhere” |
| न | n | n in “nut” |
Lips
| प | p | p in “spin” |
| फ | ph | p with a puff, “uphill” (never “f”) |
| ब | b | b in “bat” |
| भ | bh | bh in “abhor” |
| म | m | m in “mat” |
Others
| य | y | y in “yes” |
| र | r | a light tapped r |
| ल | l | l in “love” |
| व | v | between v and w |
| श | ś | sh in “shine” |
| ष | ṣ | sh with the tongue curled back |
| स | s | s in “sun” |
| ह | h | h in “hand” |
An h after a consonant (kh, gh, th, dh, ph, bh…) means a puff of breath; it is never the English “th”, “ph” or “sh” sound.
Special signs
| कं | ṃ | anusvāra: a nasal hum, sounding like the nasal of the next consonant (saṃskṛta) |
| कः | ḥ | visarga: a soft breath echoing the vowel before it (devaḥ ≈ “deva-ha”) |
| क् | — | virāma: removes the built-in a (क ka → क् k) |
| कँ | m̐ | candrabindu: the vowel is said through the nose |
| कऽ | ’ | avagraha: an a dropped after e or o (so ’ham = so aham) |
What the marks in IAST mean
- Line on top (ā ī ū ṝ): a long vowel, held about twice as long.
- Dot under r, l (ṛ ṝ ḷ): r or l used as a vowel.
- Dot under t, d, n, s (ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ): tongue tip curled back (retroflex).
- ṃ: anusvāra (nasal hum) · ḥ: visarga (echoing breath).
- ṅ: ng as in “sing” · ñ: ny as in “canyon” · ś: sh as in “shine”.
Long and short syllables, and stress
A syllable is heavy if its vowel is long (ā ī ū ṝ e ai o au), or it is followed by two consonants, or it ends in ṃ or ḥ; otherwise it is light. Usual modern stress (as in Latin): stress the second-last syllable if it is heavy (saṃ·skṛ·ta: skṛ is light, so the stress falls on the heavy saṃ; ma·hā·bhā·ra·ta; rā·mā·ya·ṇa); if not, go back to the third-last, then the fourth-last. Old Vedic pitch accents are not shown.
Common endings (inflections)
Nouns: deva (masculine, “god”)
| devaḥ | the god (subject) | devāḥ | the gods |
| devam | the god (object) | devān | the gods (object) |
| devena | by / with the god | devaiḥ | by the gods |
| devāya | to / for the god | devebhyaḥ | to / for the gods |
| devāt | from the god | devebhyaḥ | from the gods |
| devasya | of the god | devānām | of the gods |
| deve | in / on the god | deveṣu | in the gods |
| he deva | O god! | he devāḥ | O gods! |
Verbs: bhū “to be, become”, present tense
| bhavati | he / she / it is | bhavanti | they are |
| bhavasi | you are (one person) | bhavatha | you are (several) |
| bhavāmi | I am | bhavāmaḥ | we are |
Dictionary headwords are stems (deva, bhū); in texts the words carry these endings, and sounds join across word boundaries (sandhi).
Sanskrit Dictionary
Dictionary scope: अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h · 114,538 entries
Every headword in Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872), in Sanskrit alphabetical order. Jump by letter above, use the page tabs, or keep scrolling — more words load as you go.
Search in IAST (ātman), plain letters (atman), Devanagari (आत्मन्) or English (fire). Pronunciation key · English index · Random entry
Jump to letter
All words A–Z
55,387 headwords · page 214 of 554
- तृष्णक tṛṣṇakasaid to = tṛṣṇaj.
- तृष्णज् tṛṣṇajthirsty (physically or metaphorically), desiring, longing for, cupidinous;
- तृष्णा tṛṣṇā(in the Veda the accent is on the first syllable, in later Sanskrit on the last), thirst…
- तृष्णालु tṛṣṇāluthirsting much, very thirsty.
- तृष्यत् tṛṣyatthirsting, athirst; desiring.
- तृष्या tṛṣyāthirst.
- तृषम tṛṣamaq.v.
- तृष्ट tṛṣṭarough, harsh; pungent; rugged; hoarse.
- तृष्टिका tṛṣṭikārough, disagreeable, epithet of a woman.
- तृह् tṛhor tṛṃh, cl. 6. 7. P. tṛhati or tṛṃhati, tṛṇeḍhi, tatarha, tarhiṣyati and tarkṣyati…
- तृढ tṛḍha(Vedic tṛḷha), crushed, bruised, hurt, injured, wounded, killed.
- तृढ्वा tṛḍhvāor tarhitvā, ind. having killed, etc.
- तॄ tṝ(ep. also A., Vedic also cl. 6.) tarati, -te, tatāra (2nd sing. teritha, 3rd du. teratus…
- तरूतृ tarūtṛat p. 365, by Pāṇ. VII. 2, 34.
- तीर्ण tīrṇacrossed, passed over; spread, expanded; surpassed, excelled; (ā), f., name of a metre…
- तीर्त्वा tīrtvāhaving passed, crossed over, etc.
- तेग tegaonly occurring in Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā XXV. 1, where the sense is doubtful.
- तेज् tejtejati, etc., to guard, cherish, defend, protect.
- तेज tejasharpness, pungency; sharpness (of a weapon); brilliancy; spirit; name of a man.
- तेजन tejanasharpening; kindling, inflammation; enlightening, rendering bright, making splendid or…
- तेजनक tejanakaa kind of reed, Saccharum Sara (= śara).
- तेजल tejalathe francoline partridge (= kapiñjala).
- तेजस् tejassharpness; the sharp edge (of a knife etc.); the point or top of a flame or of a ray…
- तेजस tejasa= tejas, power etc. (at the end of a compound).
- तेजस्य tejasyasplendid, conspicuous.
- तेजित tejitasharpened, whetted, polished, burnished; excited, invigorated, stimulated.
- तेजिनी tejinīa sort of medicinal plant, commonly called Tejo-bala; Sanseviera Zeylanica.
- तेजिष्ठ tejiṣṭha(superl. of tigma or tīkṣṇa), Vedic very sharp or pointed, very bright, splendid…
- तेजीयस् tejīyasvery bright, radiant, splendid; very powerful or vigorous; a man of high dignity or…
- तेजेयु tejeyuname of a son of Raudrāśva.
- तेजाउर tejāuraname of a place mentioned in the poem Rasika-ramaṇa by Raghu-nātha.
- तेदनी tedanīblood or clotted blood.
- तेन1 tenaa note or cadence introductory to a song etc.
- तेन2 tena(Inst. sing. of the pronom. base 2. ta), in that direction, there (correlative to yena…
- तेप् teptepate, etc., to sprinkle, distil, ooze, drop; to shake, tremble; to shine.
- तेम temathe becoming wet, wet, damp, moisture;
- तेमन temanawetting, moistening, moisture; a sauce, condiment; (ī), f. a sort of chimney, a fireplace.
- तेर terathe mouth.
- तेल telaa particular high number.
- तेलु teluname of a race.
- तेव् tevtevate, etc., to play, sport; to weep, lament;
- तेवन tevanaplay, sport, pastime; a garden, a pleasure-garden or play-ground.
- तैकायन taikāyanataikāyani, is, m. two patronymics from Tika.
- तैकायनीय taikāyanīyaa descendant or a pupil of Taikāyani.
- तैक्ष्णायन taikṣṇāyanaa patronymic from Tīkṣṇa.
- तैक्ष्ण्य taikṣṇyasharpness (of a knife etc.), acuteness, heat, pungency, acerbity, fierceness, severity…
- तैग्म्य taigmyasharpness, pungency, etc.
- तैजनित्वच् taijanitvac(?), a sort of Vīṇā.
- तैजस taijasabright, luminous, brilliant, consisting of light or fire, fiery, splendid; consisting of…
- तैतल taitalaname of a man.
- तैतलायनि taitalāyania patronymic from Taitala.
- तैतिक्ष taitikṣapatient;
- तैतिक्षव taitikṣavaa patronymic from Titikṣu.
- तैतिक्ष्य taitikṣyaa patronymic from Titikṣa.
- तैतिर taitira= tittiri, a partridge;
- तैतिल taitilaa rhinoceros; a god; = kaliṅga; (am), n., name of the fourth astronomical period called…
- तैतिलि taitiliname of a man.
- तैत्तिर taittiraproduced or coming from a partridge; sprung from the sage Tittiri; (as), m. = tittiri, a…
- तैत्तिरि taittiriname of an ancient sage who was an elder brother of Vaiśampāyana; name of a son of…
- तैत्तिरिक taittirikaone who catches partridges.
- तैत्तिरीय taittirīyathe pupils of Tittiri, the followers of the Taittirīya school of the Yajur-veda; or the…
- तैत्तिरीयक taittirīyakabelonging to the Taittirīya version of the Yajur-veda; (ās), m. pl. = taittirīyās, i.e…
- तैन्तिडीक taintiḍīkaprepared with a sour sauce of tamarinds.
- तैन्दुक taindukaderived from or belonging to the tree Diospyros Embryopteris.
- तैभ taibhaname of a Sāman.
- तैमात taimātaa kind of serpent.
- तैमिर taimirascil. roga, darkness or dimness of the eyes, a disease of the eyes;
- तैमिरिक taimirikaaffected by this disease.
- तैर tairaor tairaṇa, as, m. or tairaṇī, f., name of a plant, = ku-nīlī, rāga-da.
- तैरभुक्त tairabhuktaderived from or a native of Tīra-bhukti.
- तैरश्च tairaścaderived from or composed by Tiraścī (as a Sāman or Sūkta).
- तैरश्च्य tairaścyaname of a Sāman.
- तैरोविराम tairovirāma‘extending beyond a pause’ or ‘having a pause between,’ i.e. the dependent Svarita in a…
- तैरोव्यञ्जन tairovyañjana‘extending beyond the consonant’ or ‘having a consonant between,’ the dependent Svarita…
- तैरोह्न्य tairo'hnyaq.v.
- तैर्थ tairtharelating to a sacred bathing-place or shrine, coming from it, etc.
- तैर्थक tairthakaetc., an adj. fr. tīrtha.
- तैर्थिक tairthikacoming or derived from a holy place of pilgrimage; visiting the holy shrines or…
- तैर्थ्य tairthyaabstract noun fr. tīrtha.
- तैर्यगयनिक tairyagayanikameasured by the revolution of the sun, as a year, (opposed to sāvanaḥ saṃvatsaraḥ.)
- तैर्यग्योन tairyagyonaor tairyagyoni, is, is, i, or tairyagyonya, as, ā, am, of animal origin, relating to the…
- तैल tailaoil expressed from sesamum, mustard, etc.; oil in general, (often compounded with the…
- तैलक tailakaa small quantity of oil.
- तैलिक tailikaan oilman, an oil manufacturer.
- तैलिन् tailinrelating or belonging to oil, oily, etc.; (ī), m. an oilman, an oil-grinder or preparer…
- तैलीन tailīnagrown with sesamum; (am), n. a field of sesamum.
- तैलक्य tailakyaputting the Tilaka-mark on the forehead (?).
- तैलङ्ग tailaṅgathe country along the coast south of Orissa as far as Madras, the modern Carnatic.
- तैलवक tailavakaetc., inhabited by the Telus.
- तैल्वक tailvakaetc., coming from or made of the Tilvaka tree, the plant Symplocos Racemosa.
- तैव्रक taivrakaetc., inhabited by the Tīvras.
- तैव्रदारव taivradāravamade of or coming from the tree Tīvra-dāru.
- तैष taiṣarelating to the asterism Tiṣya; (as), m., name of a month (December-January), the month…
- तोक tokaoffspring, children, race, male or female offspring, a child, (in the Ṛg-veda toka is…
- तोक्म tokma(in the earlier language) tokman, a, n. a young green blade of corn, especially of…
- तोटक toṭakaa kind of poisonous insect; name of a pupil of Śaṅkarācārya; (am), n. a particular metre…
- तोड् toḍtoḍate, etc., to treat with disrespect; to despise;
- तोडन toḍanasplitting (?).
- तोडलतन्त्र toḍala-tantraname of a Tantra.
- तोतल totalaname of a writer on medicine; (ā), f., name of a goddess;
Source and licence. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872; first edition). Digital text: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (MW72, csl-orig/v02/mw72), © Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project contributors, Cologne University, accessed 7 October 2026, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, provided without warranty.
Changes made here: entries for अ a, आ ā, ब b, भ bh, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, क k, ख kh, ग g, घ gh, ङ ṅ, च c, छ ch, ज j, झ jh, ञ ñ, ट ṭ, ठ ṭh, ड ḍ, ढ ḍh, ण ṇ, त t, थ th, द d, ध dh, न n, प p, फ ph, म m, य y, र r, ल l, व v, श ś, ष ṣ, स s and ह h only; meanings trimmed for length and MW abbreviations expanded; Devanagari generated from the SLP1 keys with indic_transliteration; spelling notes, IPA pronunciations and labelled (“inferred”/“not given”) etymologies added. This adapted dictionary text is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. Fonts: Noto Serif and Noto Serif Devanagari (SIL Open Font License).