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Linked Discourses 3 12 संयुत्त निकाय 3।1 12

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Pañcarājasutta

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

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1

संयुत्तsaṃ·yut·ta निकायni·kā·ya 3।12

Saṁyutta Nikāya 3.12

Linked Discourses 3.12
2

2। दुतियवग्गdu·ti·ya·vag·ga

2. Dutiyavagga

2. Childless
3

पञ्चराजसुत्तpañ·ca·rā·ja·sut·ta

Pañcarājasutta

Five Kings
4

सावत्थिनिदानं।sā·vat·thi·ni·dā·naṃ

Sāvatthinidānaṁ.

At Sāvatthī.
5

तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na पञ्चन्नंpañ·can·naṃ राजूनंrā·jū·naṃ पसेनदिपमुखानंpa·se·na·di·pa·mu·khā·naṃ पञ्चहिpañ·ca·hi कामगुणेहिkā·ma·gu·ṇe·hi समप्पितानंsa·map·pi·tā·naṃ समङ्गीभूतानंsa·maṅ·gī·bhū·tā·naṃ परिचारयमानानंpa·ri·cā·ra·ya·mā·nā·naṃ अयमन्तराकथाa·ya·man·ta·rā·ka·thā उदपादि:u·da·pā·di

Tena kho pana samayena pañcannaṁ rājūnaṁ pasenadipamukhānaṁ pañcahi kāmaguṇehi samappitānaṁ samaṅgībhūtānaṁ paricārayamānānaṁ ayamantarākathā udapādi:

Now at that time five kings headed by Pasenadi were amusing themselves, supplied and provided with the five kinds of sensual stimulation, and this discussion came up among them:
6

“किंkiṃ नुnu खोkho कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति?ag·gan

“kiṁ nu kho kāmānaṁ aggan”ti?

“What’s the best of sensual pleasures?”
7

तत्रेकच्चेtat·re·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Tatrekacce evamāhaṁsu:

Some of them said,
8

“रूपाrū·pā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति।ag·gan

“rūpā kāmānaṁ aggan”ti.

“Sights are the best of sensual pleasures!”
9

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

Others said,
10

“सद्दाsad·dā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति।ag·gan

“saddā kāmānaṁ aggan”ti.

“Sounds are best!”
11

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

Others said,
12

“गन्धाgan·dhā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति।ag·gan

“gandhā kāmānaṁ aggan”ti.

“Smells are best!”
13

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

Others said,
14

“रसाra·sā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति।ag·gan

“rasā kāmānaṁ aggan”ti.

“Tastes are best!”
15

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

Others said,
16

“फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति।ag·gan

“phoṭṭhabbā kāmānaṁ aggan”ti.

“Touches are best!”
17

यतोya·to खोkho तेte राजानोrā·jā·no नासक्खिंसुnā·sak·khiṃ·su अञ्ञमञ्ञंañ·ña·mañ·ñaṃ सञ्ञापेतुं।sañ·ñā·pe·tuṃ

Yato kho te rājāno nāsakkhiṁsu aññamaññaṁ saññāpetuṁ.

Since those kings were unable to persuade each other,
18

अथa·tha खोkho राजाrā·jā पसेनदिpa·se·na·di कोसलोko·sa·lo तेte राजानोrā·jā·no एतदवोच:e·ta·da·vo·ca

Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo te rājāno etadavoca:

King Pasenadi said to them,
19

“आयाम,ā·yā·ma मारिसा,mā·ri·sā येनye·na भगवाbha·ga·vā तेनुपसङ्कमिस्साम;te·nu·pa·saṅ·ka·mis·sā·ma उपसङ्कमित्वाu·pa·saṅ·ka·mit·vā भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ एतमत्थंe·ta·mat·thaṃ पटिपुच्छिस्साम।pa·ṭi·puc·chis·sā·ma

“āyāma, mārisā, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamissāma; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṁ etamatthaṁ paṭipucchissāma.

“Come, good fellows, let’s go to the Buddha and ask him about this.
20

यथाya·thā नोno भगवाbha·ga·vā ब्याकरिस्सतिbyā·ka·ris·sa·ti तथाta·thā नंnaṃ धारेस्सामा”ति।dhā·res·sā·mā

Yathā no bhagavā byākarissati tathā naṁ dhāressāmā”ti.

As he answers, so we’ll remember it.”
21

“एवं,e·vaṃ मारिसा”तिmā·ri·sā खोkho तेte राजानोrā·jā·no रञ्ञोrañ·ño पसेनदिस्सpa·se·na·dis·sa कोसलस्सko·sa·las·sa पच्चस्सोसुं।pac·cas·so·suṃ

“Evaṁ, mārisā”ti kho te rājāno rañño pasenadissa kosalassa paccassosuṁ.

“Yes, good fellows,” replied those kings.
22

अथa·tha खोkho तेte पञ्चpañ·ca राजानोrā·jā·no पसेनदिपमुखाpa·se·na·di·pa·mu·khā येनye·na भगवाbha·ga·vā तेनुपसङ्कमिंसु;te·nu·pa·saṅ·ka·miṃ·su उपसङ्कमित्वाu·pa·saṅ·ka·mit·vā भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ अभिवादेत्वाa·bhi·vā·det·vā एकमन्तंe·ka·man·taṃ निसीदिंसु।ni·sī·diṃ·su एकमन्तंe·ka·man·taṃ निसिन्नोni·sin·no खोkho राजाrā·jā पसेनदिpa·se·na·di कोसलोko·sa·lo भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ एतदवोच:e·ta·da·vo·ca

Atha kho te pañca rājāno pasenadipamukhā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṁsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā ekamantaṁ nisīdiṁsu. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho rājā pasenadi kosalo bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:

Then those five kings headed by Pasenadi went to the Buddha, bowed, and sat down to one side. King Pasenadi reported their conversation to the Buddha, and said,
23

“इध,i·dha भन्ते,bhan·te अम्हाकंam·hā·kaṃ पञ्चन्नंpañ·can·naṃ राजूनंrā·jū·naṃ पञ्चहिpañ·ca·hi कामगुणेहिkā·ma·gu·ṇe·hi समप्पितानंsa·map·pi·tā·naṃ समङ्गीभूतानंsa·maṅ·gī·bhū·tā·naṃ परिचारयमानानंpa·ri·cā·ra·ya·mā·nā·naṃ अयमन्तराकथाa·ya·man·ta·rā·ka·thā उदपादि:u·da·pā·di

“idha, bhante, amhākaṁ pañcannaṁ rājūnaṁ pañcahi kāmaguṇehi samappitānaṁ samaṅgībhūtānaṁ paricārayamānānaṁ ayamantarākathā udapādi:

(Pāli only)
24

‘किंkiṃ नुnu खोkho कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति?ag·gan

‘kiṁ nu kho kāmānaṁ aggan’ti?

(Pāli only)
25

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

(Pāli only)
26

‘रूपाrū·pā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति।ag·gan

‘rūpā kāmānaṁ aggan’ti.

(Pāli only)
27

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

(Pāli only)
28

‘सद्दाsad·dā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति।ag·gan

‘saddā kāmānaṁ aggan’ti.

(Pāli only)
29

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

(Pāli only)
30

‘गन्धाgan·dhā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति।ag·gan

‘gandhā kāmānaṁ aggan’ti.

(Pāli only)
31

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

(Pāli only)
32

‘रसाra·sā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति।ag·gan

‘rasā kāmānaṁ aggan’ti.

(Pāli only)
33

एकच्चेe·kac·ce एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

Ekacce evamāhaṁsu:

(Pāli only)
34

‘फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्’ति।ag·gan

‘phoṭṭhabbā kāmānaṁ aggan’ti.

(Pāli only)
35

किंkiṃ नुnu खो,kho भन्ते,bhan·te कामानंkā·mā·naṃ अग्गन्”ति?ag·gan

Kiṁ nu kho, bhante, kāmānaṁ aggan”ti?

“Sir, what’s the best of sensual pleasures?”
36

“मनापपरियन्तंma·nā·pa·pa·ri·yan·taṃ ख्वाहं,khvā·haṃ महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja पञ्चसुpañ·ca·su कामगुणेसुkā·ma·gu·ṇe·su अग्गन्तिag·gan·ti वदामि।va·dā·mi

“Manāpapariyantaṁ khvāhaṁ, mahārāja, pañcasu kāmaguṇesu agganti vadāmi.

“Great king, which kind of sensual stimulation is best is defined by which is most agreeable, I say.
37

तेव,te·va महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja रूपाrū·pā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa मनापाma·nā·pā होन्ति,hon·ti तेवte·va रूपाrū·pā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa अमनापाa·ma·nā·pā होन्ति।hon·ti

Teva, mahārāja, rūpā ekaccassa manāpā honti, teva rūpā ekaccassa amanāpā honti.

The very same sights that are agreeable to some are disagreeable to others.
38

येहिye·hi चca योyo रूपेहिrū·pe·hi अत्तमनोat·ta·ma·no होतिho·ti परिपुण्णसङ्कप्पो,pa·ri·puṇ·ṇa·saṅ·kap·po सोso तेहिte·hi रूपेहिrū·pe·hi अञ्ञंañ·ñaṃ रूपंrū·paṃ उत्तरितरंut·ta·ri·ta·raṃ वाvā पणीततरंpa·ṇī·ta·ta·raṃ वाvā नna पत्थेति।pat·the·ti

Yehi ca yo rūpehi attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo, so tehi rūpehi aññaṁ rūpaṁ uttaritaraṁ vā paṇītataraṁ vā na pattheti.

When you’re happy with certain sights, as you’ve got all you wished for, you don’t want any other sight that’s better or finer.
39

तेte तस्सtas·sa रूपाrū·pā परमाpa·ra·mā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa rūpā paramā honti.

For you, those sights are perfect
40

तेte तस्सtas·sa रूपाrū·pā अनुत्तराa·nut·ta·rā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa rūpā anuttarā honti.

and supreme.
41

तेव,te·va महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja सद्दाsad·dā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa मनापाma·nā·pā होन्ति,hon·ti तेवte·va सद्दाsad·dā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa अमनापाa·ma·nā·pā होन्ति।hon·ti

Teva, mahārāja, saddā ekaccassa manāpā honti, teva saddā ekaccassa amanāpā honti.

The very same sounds …
42

येहिye·hi चca योyo सद्देहिsad·de·hi अत्तमनोat·ta·ma·no होतिho·ti परिपुण्णसङ्कप्पो,pa·ri·puṇ·ṇa·saṅ·kap·po सोso तेहिte·hi सद्देहिsad·de·hi अञ्ञंañ·ñaṃ सद्दंsad·daṃ उत्तरितरंut·ta·ri·ta·raṃ वाvā पणीततरंpa·ṇī·ta·ta·raṃ वाvā नna पत्थेति।pat·the·ti

Yehi ca yo saddehi attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo, so tehi saddehi aññaṁ saddaṁ uttaritaraṁ vā paṇītataraṁ vā na pattheti.

(Pāli only)
43

तेte तस्सtas·sa सद्दाsad·dā परमाpa·ra·mā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa saddā paramā honti.

(Pāli only)
44

तेte तस्सtas·sa सद्दाsad·dā अनुत्तराa·nut·ta·rā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa saddā anuttarā honti.

(Pāli only)
45

तेव,te·va महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja गन्धाgan·dhā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa मनापाma·nā·pā होन्ति,hon·ti तेवte·va गन्धाgan·dhā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa अमनापाa·ma·nā·pā होन्ति।hon·ti

Teva, mahārāja, gandhā ekaccassa manāpā honti, teva gandhā ekaccassa amanāpā honti.

smells …
46

येहिye·hi चca योyo गन्धेहिgan·dhe·hi अत्तमनोat·ta·ma·no होतिho·ti परिपुण्णसङ्कप्पो,pa·ri·puṇ·ṇa·saṅ·kap·po सोso तेहिte·hi गन्धेहिgan·dhe·hi अञ्ञंañ·ñaṃ गन्धंgan·dhaṃ उत्तरितरंut·ta·ri·ta·raṃ वाvā पणीततरंpa·ṇī·ta·ta·raṃ वाvā नna पत्थेति।pat·the·ti

Yehi ca yo gandhehi attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo, so tehi gandhehi aññaṁ gandhaṁ uttaritaraṁ vā paṇītataraṁ vā na pattheti.

(Pāli only)
47

तेte तस्सtas·sa गन्धाgan·dhā परमाpa·ra·mā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa gandhā paramā honti.

(Pāli only)
48

तेte तस्सtas·sa गन्धाgan·dhā अनुत्तराa·nut·ta·rā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa gandhā anuttarā honti.

(Pāli only)
49

तेव,te·va महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja रसाra·sā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa मनापाma·nā·pā होन्ति,hon·ti तेवte·va रसाra·sā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa अमनापाa·ma·nā·pā होन्ति।hon·ti

Teva, mahārāja, rasā ekaccassa manāpā honti, teva rasā ekaccassa amanāpā honti.

tastes …
50

येहिye·hi चca योyo रसेहिra·se·hi अत्तमनोat·ta·ma·no होतिho·ti परिपुण्णसङ्कप्पो,pa·ri·puṇ·ṇa·saṅ·kap·po सोso तेहिte·hi रसेहिra·se·hi अञ्ञंañ·ñaṃ रसंra·saṃ उत्तरितरंut·ta·ri·ta·raṃ वाvā पणीततरंpa·ṇī·ta·ta·raṃ वाvā नna पत्थेति।pat·the·ti

Yehi ca yo rasehi attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo, so tehi rasehi aññaṁ rasaṁ uttaritaraṁ vā paṇītataraṁ vā na pattheti.

(Pāli only)
51

तेte तस्सtas·sa रसाra·sā परमाpa·ra·mā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa rasā paramā honti.

(Pāli only)
52

तेte तस्सtas·sa रसाra·sā अनुत्तराa·nut·ta·rā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa rasā anuttarā honti.

(Pāli only)
53

तेव,te·va महाराज,ma·hā·rā·ja फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa मनापाma·nā·pā होन्ति,hon·ti तेवte·va फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā एकच्चस्सe·kac·cas·sa अमनापाa·ma·nā·pā होन्ति।hon·ti

Teva, mahārāja, phoṭṭhabbā ekaccassa manāpā honti, teva phoṭṭhabbā ekaccassa amanāpā honti.

touches that are agreeable to some are disagreeable to others.
54

येहिye·hi चca योyo फोट्ठब्बेहिphoṭ·ṭhab·be·hi अत्तमनोat·ta·ma·no होतिho·ti परिपुण्णसङ्कप्पो,pa·ri·puṇ·ṇa·saṅ·kap·po सोso तेहिte·hi फोट्ठब्बेहिphoṭ·ṭhab·be·hi अञ्ञंañ·ñaṃ फोट्ठब्बंphoṭ·ṭhab·baṃ उत्तरितरंut·ta·ri·ta·raṃ वाvā पणीततरंpa·ṇī·ta·ta·raṃ वाvā नna पत्थेति।pat·the·ti

Yehi ca yo phoṭṭhabbehi attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo, so tehi phoṭṭhabbehi aññaṁ phoṭṭhabbaṁ uttaritaraṁ vā paṇītataraṁ vā na pattheti.

When you’re happy with certain touches, as you’ve got all you wished for, you don’t want any other touch that’s better or finer.
55

तेte तस्सtas·sa फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā परमाpa·ra·mā होन्ति।hon·ti

Te tassa phoṭṭhabbā paramā honti.

For you, those touches are perfect
56

तेte तस्सtas·sa फोट्ठब्बाphoṭ·ṭhab·bā अनुत्तराa·nut·ta·rā होन्ती”ति।hon·tī

Te tassa phoṭṭhabbā anuttarā hontī”ti.

and supreme.”
57

तेनte·na खोkho पनpa·na समयेनsa·ma·ye·na चन्दनङ्गलिकोcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·ko उपासकोu·pā·sa·ko तस्संtas·saṃ परिसायंpa·ri·sā·yaṃ निसिन्नोni·sin·no होति।ho·ti

Tena kho pana samayena candanaṅgaliko upāsako tassaṁ parisāyaṁ nisinno hoti.

Now at that time the lay follower Candanaṅgalika was sitting in that assembly.
58

अथa·tha खोkho चन्दनङ्गलिकोcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·ko उपासकोu·pā·sa·ko उट्ठायासनाuṭ·ṭhā·yā·sa·nā एकंसंe·kaṃ·saṃ उत्तरासङ्गंut·ta·rā·saṅ·gaṃ करित्वाka·rit·vā येनye·na भगवाbha·ga·vā तेनञ्जलिंte·nañ·ja·liṃ पणामेत्वाpa·ṇā·met·vā भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ एतदवोच:e·ta·da·vo·ca

Atha kho candanaṅgaliko upāsako uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṁsaṁ uttarāsaṅgaṁ karitvā yena bhagavā tenañjaliṁ paṇāmetvā bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:

Then he rose from his seat, arranged his robe over one shoulder, raised his cupped palms toward the Buddha, and said,
59

“पटिभातिpa·ṭi·bhā·ti मं,maṃ भगवा,bha·ga·vā पटिभातिpa·ṭi·bhā·ti मं,maṃ सुगता”ति।su·ga·tā

“paṭibhāti maṁ, bhagavā, paṭibhāti maṁ, sugatā”ti.

“I feel inspired to speak, Blessed One! I feel inspired to speak, Holy One!”
60

“पटिभातुpa·ṭi·bhā·tu तं,taṃ चन्दनङ्गलिका”तिcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·kā भगवाbha·ga·vā अवोच।a·vo·ca

“Paṭibhātu taṁ, candanaṅgalikā”ti bhagavā avoca.

“Then speak as you feel inspired,” said the Buddha.
61

अथa·tha खोkho चन्दनङ्गलिकोcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·ko उपासकोu·pā·sa·ko भगवतोbha·ga·va·to सम्मुखाsam·mu·khā तदनुरूपायta·da·nu·rū·pā·ya गाथायgā·thā·ya अभित्थवि:a·bhit·tha·vi

Atha kho candanaṅgaliko upāsako bhagavato sammukhā tadanurūpāya gāthāya abhitthavi:

Then the lay follower Candanaṅgalika extolled the Buddha in his presence with an appropriate verse:
62

“पदुमंpa·du·maṃ यथाya·thā कोकनदंko·ka·na·daṃ सुगन्धं,su·gan·dhaṃ

“Padumaṁ yathā kokanadaṁ sugandhaṁ,

“Like a fragrant pink lotus
63

पातोpā·to सियाsi·yā फुल्लमवीतगन्धं;phul·la·ma·vī·ta·gan·dhaṃ

Pāto siyā phullamavītagandhaṁ;

that blooms at daybreak, its fragrance unfaded—
64

अङ्गीरसंaṅ·gī·ra·saṃ पस्सpas·sa विरोचमानं,vi·ro·ca·mā·naṃ

Aṅgīrasaṁ passa virocamānaṁ,

see Aṅgīrasa dazzle,
65

तपन्तमादिच्चमिवन्तलिक्खे”ति।ta·pan·ta·mā·dic·ca·mi·van·ta·lik·khe

Tapantamādiccamivantalikkhe”ti.

bright as the sun in the sky!”
66

अथa·tha खोkho तेte पञ्चpañ·ca राजानोrā·jā·no चन्दनङ्गलिकंcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·kaṃ उपासकंu·pā·sa·kaṃ पञ्चहिpañ·ca·hi उत्तरासङ्गेहिut·ta·rā·saṅ·ge·hi अच्छादेसुं।ac·chā·de·suṃ

Atha kho te pañca rājāno candanaṅgalikaṁ upāsakaṁ pañcahi uttarāsaṅgehi acchādesuṁ.

Then those five kings clothed Candanaṅgalika with five upper robes.
67

अथa·tha खोkho चन्दनङ्गलिकोcan·da·naṅ·ga·li·ko उपासकोu·pā·sa·ko तेहिte·hi पञ्चहिpañ·ca·hi उत्तरासङ्गेहिut·ta·rā·saṅ·ge·hi भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ अच्छादेसीति।ac·chā·de·sī·ti

Atha kho candanaṅgaliko upāsako tehi pañcahi uttarāsaṅgehi bhagavantaṁ acchādesīti.

And Candanaṅgalika in turn endowed the Buddha with those robes.

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.