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Verses of the Senior Monks 258 थेरगाथा 258

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Phussattheragāthā

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

Verse: 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133 · Hide pronunciation

1. 1

   थेरगाथाthe·ra·gā·thā 17।1

   Theragāthā 17.1

   Verses of the Senior Monks 17.1

2. 2

   तिंसनिपातtiṃ·sa·ni·pā·ta

   Tiṁsanipāta

   The Book of the Thirties

3. 3

   पठमवग्गpa·ṭha·ma·vag·ga

   Paṭhamavagga

   Chapter One

4. 4

   फुस्सत्थेरगाथाphus·sat·the·ra·gā·thā

   Phussattheragāthā

   Phussa

5. 5

   पासादिकेpā·sā·di·ke बहूba·hū दिस्वा,dis·vā

   Pāsādike bahū disvā,

   Seeing many who inspire confidence,

6. 6

   भावितत्तेbhā·vi·tat·te सुसंवुते;su·saṃ·vu·te

   bhāvitatte susaṁvute;

   evolved and well-restrained,

7. 7

   इसिi·si पण्डरसगोत्तो,paṇ·ḍa·ra·sa·got·to

   Isi paṇḍarasagotto,

   the seer of the Paṇḍara clan,

8. 8

   अपुच्छिa·puc·chi फुस्ससव्हयं।phus·sa·sav·ha·yaṃ

   apucchi phussasavhayaṁ.

   asked the one known as Phussa:

9. 9

   “किंछन्दाkiṃ·chan·dā किमधिप्पाया,ki·ma·dhip·pā·yā

   “Kiṁchandā kimadhippāyā,

   “In future times,

10. 10

    किमाकप्पाki·mā·kap·pā भविस्सरे;bha·vis·sa·re

    kimākappā bhavissare;

    what desire and motivation

11. 11

    अनागतम्हिa·nā·ga·tam·hi कालम्हि,kā·lam·hi

    Anāgatamhi kālamhi,

    and behavior will people have?

12. 12

    तंtaṃ मेme अक्खाहिak·khā·hi पुच्छितो”।puc·chi·to

    taṁ me akkhāhi pucchito”.

    Please answer my question.”

13. 13

    “सुणोहिsu·ṇo·hi वचनंva·ca·naṃ मय्हं,may·haṃ

    “Suṇohi vacanaṁ mayhaṁ,

    “Listen to my words,

14. 14

    इसिपण्डरसव्हय;i·si·paṇ·ḍa·ra·sav·ha·ya

    isipaṇḍarasavhaya;

    O seer known as a Paṇḍara,

15. 15

    सक्कच्चंsak·kac·caṃ उपधारेहि,u·pa·dhā·re·hi

    Sakkaccaṁ upadhārehi,

    and remember them carefully,

16. 16

    आचिक्खिस्साम्यनागतं।ā·cik·khis·sām·ya·nā·ga·taṃ

    ācikkhissāmyanāgataṁ.

    I will describe the future.

17. 17

    कोधनाko·dha·nā उपनाहीu·pa·nā·hī च,ca

    Kodhanā upanāhī ca,

    In the future many will be

18. 18

    मक्खीmak·khī थम्भीtham·bhī सठाsa·ṭhā बहू;ba·hū

    makkhī thambhī saṭhā bahū;

    angry and hostile,

19. 19

    उस्सुकीus·su·kī नानावादाnā·nā·vā·dā च,ca

    Ussukī nānāvādā ca,

    offensive, stubborn, and devious,

20. 20

    भविस्सन्तिbha·vis·san·ti अनागते।a·nā·ga·te

    bhavissanti anāgate.

    jealous, holding divergent views.

21. 21

    अञ्ञातमानिनोañ·ñā·ta·mā·ni·no धम्मे,dham·me

    Aññātamānino dhamme,

    Imagining they understand <j>the depths of the teaching,

22. 22

    गम्भीरेgam·bhī·re तीरगोचरा;tī·ra·go·ca·rā

    gambhīre tīragocarā;

    they resort to the near shore.

23. 23

    लहुकाla·hu·kā अगरूa·ga·rū धम्मे,dham·me

    Lahukā agarū dhamme,

    Superficial and disrespectful toward the teaching,

24. 24

    अञ्ञमञ्ञमगारवा।añ·ña·mañ·ña·ma·gā·ra·vā

    aññamaññamagāravā.

    they lack respect for one another.

25. 25

    बहूba·hū आदीनवाā·dī·na·vā लोके,lo·ke

    Bahū ādīnavā loke,

    In the future

26. 26

    उप्पज्जिस्सन्त्यनागते;up·paj·jis·san·tya·nā·ga·te

    uppajjissantyanāgate;

    many dangers will arise in the world.

27. 27

    सुदेसितंsu·de·si·taṃ इमंi·maṃ धम्मं,dham·maṃ

    Sudesitaṁ imaṁ dhammaṁ,

    Idiots will defile

28. 28

    किलेसेस्सन्तिki·le·ses·san·ti दुम्मती।dum·ma·tī

    kilesessanti dummatī.

    the Dhamma that was taught so well.

29. 29

    गुणहीनापिgu·ṇa·hī·nā·pi सङ्घम्हि,saṅ·gham·hi

    Guṇahīnāpi saṅghamhi,

    Though bereft of good qualities,

30. 30

    वोहरन्ताvo·ha·ran·tā विसारदा;vi·sā·ra·dā

    voharantā visāradā;

    unlearned prattlers, too sure of themselves,

31. 31

    बलवन्तोba·la·van·to भविस्सन्ति,bha·vis·san·ti

    Balavanto bhavissanti,

    will become powerful

32. 32

    मुखराmu·kha·rā अस्सुताविनो।as·su·tā·vi·no

    mukharā assutāvino.

    in running Saṅgha proceedings.

33. 33

    गुणवन्तोपिgu·ṇa·van·to·pi सङ्घम्हि,saṅ·gham·hi

    Guṇavantopi saṅghamhi,

    Though possessing good qualities,

34. 34

    वोहरन्ताvo·ha·ran·tā यथात्थतो;ya·thāt·tha·to

    voharantā yathātthato;

    the conscientious and unbiased, <j>acting in the proper spirit,

35. 35

    दुब्बलाdub·ba·lā तेte भविस्सन्ति,bha·vis·san·ti

    Dubbalā te bhavissanti,

    will become weak

36. 36

    हिरीमनाhi·rī·ma·nā अनत्थिका।a·nat·thi·kā

    hirīmanā anatthikā.

    in running Saṅgha proceedings.

37. 37

    रजतंra·ja·taṃ जातरूपञ्च,jā·ta·rū·pañ·ca

    Rajataṁ jātarūpañca,

    In the future, simpletons will accept

38. 38

    खेत्तंkhet·taṃ वत्थुमजेळकं;vat·thu·ma·je·ḷa·kaṃ

    khettaṁ vatthumajeḷakaṁ;

    currency and gold,

39. 39

    दासिदासञ्चdā·si·dā·sañ·ca दुम्मेधा,dum·me·dhā

    Dāsidāsañca dummedhā,

    fields and land, goats and sheep,

40. 40

    सादियिस्सन्त्यनागते।sā·di·yis·san·tya·nā·ga·te

    sādiyissantyanāgate.

    and bonded servants, male and female.

41. 41

    उज्झानसञ्ञिनोuj·jhā·na·sañ·ñi·no बाला,bā·lā

    Ujjhānasaññino bālā,

    Fools finding fault in others,

42. 42

    सीलेसुsī·le·su असमाहिता;a·sa·mā·hi·tā

    sīlesu asamāhitā;

    but unsteady in their own ethics,

43. 43

    उन्नळाun·na·ḷā विचरिस्सन्ति,vi·ca·ris·san·ti

    Unnaḷā vicarissanti,

    will wander about, insolent,

44. 44

    कलहाभिरताka·la·hā·bhi·ra·tā मगा।ma·gā

    kalahābhiratā magā.

    like cantankerous beasts.

45. 45

    उद्धताud·dha·tā चca भविस्सन्ति,bha·vis·san·ti

    Uddhatā ca bhavissanti,

    They’ll be haughty,

46. 46

    नीलचीवरपारुता;nī·la·cī·va·ra·pā·ru·tā

    nīlacīvarapārutā;

    wrapped in robes of blue;

47. 47

    कुहाku·hā थद्धाthad·dhā लपाla·pā सिङ्गी,siṅ·gī

    Kuhā thaddhā lapā siṅgī,

    deceivers and flatterers, pompous and fake,

48. 48

    चरिस्सन्त्यरियाca·ris·san·tya·ri·yā विय।vi·ya

    carissantyariyā viya.

    they’ll wander as if they were noble ones.

49. 49

    तेलसण्ठेहिte·la·saṇ·ṭhe·hi केसेहि,ke·se·hi

    Telasaṇṭhehi kesehi,

    With hair sleeked back with oil,

50. 50

    चपलाca·pa·lā अञ्जनक्खिका;añ·ja·nak·khi·kā

    capalā añjanakkhikā;

    fickle, their eyes painted with eyeshadow,

51. 51

    रथियायra·thi·yā·ya गमिस्सन्ति,ga·mis·san·ti

    Rathiyāya gamissanti,

    they’ll travel on the high-road,

52. 52

    दन्तवण्णिकपारुता।dan·ta·vaṇ·ṇi·ka·pā·ru·tā

    dantavaṇṇikapārutā.

    wrapped in robes of ivory color.

53. 53

    अजेगुच्छंa·je·guc·chaṃ विमुत्तेहि,vi·mut·te·hi

    Ajegucchaṁ vimuttehi,

    The deep-dyed ocher robe,

54. 54

    सुरत्तंsu·rat·taṃ अरहद्धजं;a·ra·had·dha·jaṃ

    surattaṁ arahaddhajaṁ;

    worn without disgust by the free,

55. 55

    जिगुच्छिस्सन्तिji·guc·chis·san·ti कासावं,kā·sā·vaṃ

    Jigucchissanti kāsāvaṁ,

    they will come to loathe,

56. 56

    ओदातेसुo·dā·te·su समुच्छिता।sa·muc·chi·tā

    odātesu samucchitā.

    besotted by white clothes.

57. 57

    लाभकामाlā·bha·kā·mā भविस्सन्ति,bha·vis·san·ti

    Lābhakāmā bhavissanti,

    They’ll want lots of possessions,

58. 58

    कुसीताku·sī·tā हीनवीरिया;hī·na·vī·ri·yā

    kusītā hīnavīriyā;

    and be lazy, lacking energy.

59. 59

    किच्छन्ताkic·chan·tā वनपत्थानि,va·na·pat·thā·ni

    Kicchantā vanapatthāni,

    Weary of the forest,

60. 60

    गामन्तेसुgā·man·te·su वसिस्सरे।va·sis·sa·re

    gāmantesu vasissare.

    they’ll stay within villages.

61. 61

    येye येye लाभंlā·bhaṃ लभिस्सन्ति,la·bhis·san·ti

    Ye ye lābhaṁ labhissanti,

    Being unrestrained, they’ll keep company with

62. 62

    मिच्छाजीवरताmic·chā·jī·va·ra·tā सदा;sa·dā

    micchājīvaratā sadā;

    those who acquire profit,

63. 63

    तेte तेवte·va अनुसिक्खन्ता,a·nu·sik·khan·tā

    Te teva anusikkhantā,

    and who always enjoy wrong livelihood,

64. 64

    भजिस्सन्तिbha·jis·san·ti असंयता।a·saṃ·ya·tā

    bhajissanti asaṁyatā.

    following their example.

65. 65

    येye येye अलाभिनोa·lā·bhi·no लाभं,lā·bhaṃ

    Ye ye alābhino lābhaṁ,

    They won’t respect those

66. 66

    नna तेte पुज्जाpuj·jā भविस्सरे;bha·vis·sa·re

    na te pujjā bhavissare;

    who don’t get lots of stuff,

67. 67

    सुपेसलेपिsu·pe·sa·le·pi तेte धीरे,dhī·re

    Supesalepi te dhīre,

    and they won’t associate with the attentive,

68. 68

    सेविस्सन्तिse·vis·san·ti नna तेte तदा।ta·dā

    sevissanti na te tadā.

    even though they’re very amiable.

69. 69

    मिलक्खुरजनंmi·lak·khu·ra·ja·naṃ रत्तं,rat·taṃ

    Milakkhurajanaṁ rattaṁ,

    Disparaging their own banner,

70. 70

    गरहन्ताga·ra·han·tā सकंsa·kaṃ धजं;dha·jaṃ

    garahantā sakaṁ dhajaṁ;

    dyed a vermilion color,

71. 71

    तित्थियानंtit·thi·yā·naṃ धजंdha·jaṃ केचि,ke·ci

    Titthiyānaṁ dhajaṁ keci,

    some will wear the white banner

72. 72

    धारिस्सन्त्यवदातकं।dhā·ris·san·tya·va·dā·ta·kaṃ

    dhārissantyavadātakaṁ.

    of those of other religions.

73. 73

    अगारवोa·gā·ra·vo चca कासावे,kā·sā·ve

    Agāravo ca kāsāve,

    Then they’ll have no respect

74. 74

    तदाta·dā तेसंte·saṃ भविस्सति;bha·vis·sa·ti

    tadā tesaṁ bhavissati;

    for the ocher robe.

75. 75

    पटिसङ्खाpa·ṭi·saṅ·khā चca कासावे,kā·sā·ve

    Paṭisaṅkhā ca kāsāve,

    The mendicants will not reflect

76. 76

    भिक्खूनंbhik·khū·naṃ नna भविस्सति।bha·vis·sa·ti

    bhikkhūnaṁ na bhavissati.

    on the nature of the ocher robe.

77. 77

    अभिभूतस्सa·bhi·bhū·tas·sa दुक्खेन,duk·khe·na

    Abhibhūtassa dukkhena,

    This awful lack of reflection

78. 78

    सल्लविद्धस्सsal·la·vid·dhas·sa रुप्पतो;rup·pa·to

    sallaviddhassa ruppato;

    was unthinkable to the elephant,

79. 79

    पटिसङ्खाpa·ṭi·saṅ·khā महाघोरा,ma·hā·gho·rā

    Paṭisaṅkhā mahāghorā,

    who was overcome by suffering,

80. 80

    नागस्सासिnā·gas·sā·si अचिन्तिया।a·cin·ti·yā

    nāgassāsi acintiyā.

    inflicted by an arrow strike.

81. 81

    छद्दन्तोchad·dan·to हिhi तदाta·dā दिस्वा,dis·vā

    Chaddanto hi tadā disvā,

    Then the six-tusked elephant,

82. 82

    सुरत्तंsu·rat·taṃ अरहद्धजं;a·ra·had·dha·jaṃ

    surattaṁ arahaddhajaṁ;

    seeing the deep-dyed banner of the perfected ones,

83. 83

    तावदेवtā·va·de·va भणीbha·ṇī गाथा,gā·thā

    Tāvadeva bhaṇī gāthā,

    straight away spoke these verses

84. 84

    गजोga·jo अत्थोपसंहिता।at·tho·pa·saṃ·hi·tā

    gajo atthopasaṁhitā.

    connected with the goal.

85. 85

    ‘अनिक्कसावोa·nik·ka·sā·vo कासावं,kā·sā·vaṃ

    ‘Anikkasāvo kāsāvaṁ,

    ‘One who, not free of stains themselves,

86. 86

    योyo वत्थंvat·thaṃ परिधस्सति;pa·ri·dhas·sa·ti

    yo vatthaṁ paridhassati;

    would wear the robe stained in ocher,

87. 87

    अपेतोa·pe·to दमसच्चेन,da·ma·sac·ce·na

    Apeto damasaccena,

    bereft of self-control and truth:

88. 88

    नna सोso कासावमरहति।kā·sā·va·ma·ra·ha·ti

    na so kāsāvamarahati.

    they are not worthy of the ocher robe.

89. 89

    योyo चca वन्तकसावस्स,van·ta·ka·sā·vas·sa

    Yo ca vantakasāvassa,

    One who’s purged all their stains,

90. 90

    सीलेसुsī·le·su सुसमाहितो;su·sa·mā·hi·to

    sīlesu susamāhito;

    steady in ethics,

91. 91

    उपेतोu·pe·to दमसच्चेन,da·ma·sac·ce·na

    Upeto damasaccena,

    possessing truth and self-control:

92. 92

    सsa वेve कासावमरहति।kā·sā·va·ma·ra·ha·ti

    sa ve kāsāvamarahati.

    they are truly worthy of the ocher robe.’

93. 93

    विपन्नसीलोvi·pan·na·sī·lo दुम्मेधो,dum·me·dho

    Vipannasīlo dummedho,

    Devoid of virtue, a simpleton,

94. 94

    पाकटोpā·ka·ṭo कामकारियो;kā·ma·kā·ri·yo

    pākaṭo kāmakāriyo;

    wild, doing what they like,

95. 95

    विब्भन्तचित्तोvib·bhan·ta·cit·to निस्सुक्को,nis·suk·ko

    Vibbhantacitto nissukko,

    their minds astray, indolent:

96. 96

    नna सोso कासावमरहति।kā·sā·va·ma·ra·ha·ti

    na so kāsāvamarahati.

    they are not worthy of the ocher robe.

97. 97

    योyo चca सीलेनsī·le·na सम्पन्नो,sam·pan·no

    Yo ca sīlena sampanno,

    One accomplished in ethics,

98. 98

    वीतरागोvī·ta·rā·go समाहितो;sa·mā·hi·to

    vītarāgo samāhito;

    free of greed, serene,

99. 99

    ओदातमनसङ्कप्पो,o·dā·ta·ma·na·saṅ·kap·po

    Odātamanasaṅkappo,

    their heart’s intention pure:

100. 100

     सsa वेve कासावमरहति।kā·sā·va·ma·ra·ha·ti

     sa ve kāsāvamarahati.

     they are truly worthy of the ocher robe.

101. 101

     उद्धतोud·dha·to उन्नळोun·na·ḷo बालो,bā·lo

     Uddhato unnaḷo bālo,

     The haughty, insolent fool,

102. 102

     सीलंsī·laṃ यस्सyas·sa नna विज्जति;vij·ja·ti

     sīlaṁ yassa na vijjati;

     who has no ethics at all,

103. 103

     ओदातकंo·dā·ta·kaṃ अरहति,a·ra·ha·ti

     Odātakaṁ arahati,

     is worthy of a white robe—

104. 104

     कासावंkā·sā·vaṃ किंkiṃ करिस्सति।ka·ris·sa·ti

     kāsāvaṁ kiṁ karissati.

     what use is an ocher robe for them?

105. 105

     भिक्खूbhik·khū चca भिक्खुनियोbhik·khu·ni·yo च,ca

     Bhikkhū ca bhikkhuniyo ca,

     In the future, monks and nuns

106. 106

     दुट्ठचित्ताduṭ·ṭha·cit·tā अनादरा;a·nā·da·rā

     duṭṭhacittā anādarā;

     with corrupt hearts, lacking regard for others,

107. 107

     तादीनंtā·dī·naṃ मेत्तचित्तानं,met·ta·cit·tā·naṃ

     Tādīnaṁ mettacittānaṁ,

     will disparage those

108. 108

     निग्गण्हिस्सन्त्यनागते।nig·gaṇ·his·san·tya·nā·ga·te

     niggaṇhissantyanāgate.

     with hearts of loving-kindness.

109. 109

     सिक्खापेन्तापिsik·khā·pen·tā·pi थेरेहि,the·re·hi

     Sikkhāpentāpi therehi,

     Though trained in wearing the robe

110. 110

     बालाbā·lā चीवरधारणं;cī·va·ra·dhā·ra·ṇaṃ

     bālā cīvaradhāraṇaṁ;

     by senior monks,

111. 111

     नna सुणिस्सन्तिsu·ṇis·san·ti दुम्मेधा,dum·me·dhā

     Na suṇissanti dummedhā,

     simpletons will not listen,

112. 112

     पाकटाpā·ka·ṭā कामकारिया।kā·ma·kā·ri·yā

     pākaṭā kāmakāriyā.

     wild, doing what they like.

113. 113

     तेte तथाta·thā सिक्खिताsik·khi·tā बाला,bā·lā

     Te tathā sikkhitā bālā,

     With that kind of attitude to training,

114. 114

     अञ्ञमञ्ञंañ·ña·mañ·ñaṃ अगारवा;a·gā·ra·vā

     aññamaññaṁ agāravā;

     those fools won’t respect each other,

115. 115

     नादियिस्सन्तुपज्झाये,nā·di·yis·san·tu·paj·jhā·ye

     Nādiyissantupajjhāye,

     or take any notice of their mentors,

116. 116

     खळुङ्कोkha·ḷuṅ·ko वियvi·ya सारथिं।sā·ra·thiṃ

     khaḷuṅko viya sārathiṁ.

     like a wild colt with its charioteer.

117. 117

     एवंe·vaṃ अनागतद्धानं,a·nā·ga·tad·dhā·naṃ

     Evaṁ anāgataddhānaṁ,

     Even so, in the future,

118. 118

     पटिपत्तिpa·ṭi·pat·ti भविस्सति;bha·vis·sa·ti

     paṭipatti bhavissati;

     this will be the practice

119. 119

     भिक्खूनंbhik·khū·naṃ भिक्खुनीनञ्च,bhik·khu·nī·nañ·ca

     Bhikkhūnaṁ bhikkhunīnañca,

     of monks and nuns

120. 120

     पत्तेpat·te कालम्हिkā·lam·hi पच्छिमे।’pac·chi·me

     patte kālamhi pacchime.’

     when the latter days have come.

121. 121

     पुराpu·rā आगच्छतेā·gac·cha·te एतं,e·taṃ

     Purā āgacchate etaṁ,

     Before this frightening future arrives,

122. 122

     अनागतंa·nā·ga·taṃ महब्भयं;ma·hab·bha·yaṃ

     anāgataṁ mahabbhayaṁ;

     be easy to admonish,

123. 123

     सुब्बचाsub·ba·cā होथho·tha सखिला,sa·khi·lā

     Subbacā hotha sakhilā,

     courteous in speech,

124. 124

     अञ्ञमञ्ञंañ·ña·mañ·ñaṃ सगारवा।sa·gā·ra·vā

     aññamaññaṁ sagāravā.

     and respect one another.

125. 125

     मेत्तचित्ताmet·ta·cit·tā कारुणिका,kā·ru·ṇi·kā

     Mettacittā kāruṇikā,

     Have hearts of love and compassion,

126. 126

     होथho·tha सीलेसुsī·le·su संवुता;saṃ·vu·tā

     Hotha sīlesu saṁvutā;

     and please do keep your precepts.

127. 127

     आरद्धवीरियाā·rad·dha·vī·ri·yā पहितत्ता,pa·hi·tat·tā

     Āraddhavīriyā pahitattā,

     Be energetic, resolute,

128. 128

     निच्चंnic·caṃ दळ्हपरक्कमा।da·ḷha·pa·rak·ka·mā

     Niccaṁ daḷhaparakkamā.

     and always staunchly vigorous.

129. 129

     पमादंpa·mā·daṃ भयतोbha·ya·to दिस्वा,dis·vā

     Pamādaṁ bhayato disvā,

     Seeing negligence as fearful,

130. 130

     अप्पमादञ्चap·pa·mā·dañ·ca खेमतो;khe·ma·to

     Appamādañca khemato;

     and diligence as a sanctuary,

131. 131

     भावेथट्ठङ्गिकंbhā·ve·thaṭ·ṭhaṅ·gi·kaṃ मग्गं,mag·gaṃ

     Bhāvethaṭṭhaṅgikaṁ maggaṁ,

     develop the eightfold path,

132. 132

     फुसन्ताphu·san·tā अमतंa·ma·taṃ पदन्”ति।pa·dan

     Phusantā amataṁ padan”ti.

     realizing the state free of death.”

133. 133

     … फुस्सोphus·so थेरोthe·ro …।

     … Phusso thero ….

     …

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.