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Numbered Discourses 5 192 अङ्गुत्तर 5 192

Chapter: 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271

Doṇabrāhmaṇasutta

Pāli in Devanagari; under each word its Roman pronunciation, syllable by syllable (ṃ = nasal hum). Tap a Pāli word for its meaning (PTS Pāli-English Dictionary); tap again to open it in the Pāli dictionary.

Verse: 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120 · Hide pronunciation

1. 1

   अङ्गुत्तरaṅ·gut·ta·ra निकायni·kā·ya 5।192

   Aṅguttara Nikāya 5.192

   Numbered Discourses 5.192

2. 2

   20। ब्राह्मणवग्गbrāh·ma·ṇa·vag·ga

   20. Brāhmaṇavagga

   20. Brahmins

3. 3

   दोणब्राह्मणसुत्तdo·ṇab·rāh·ma·ṇa·sut·ta

   Doṇabrāhmaṇasutta

   With the Brahmin Doṇa

4. 4

   अथa·tha खोkho दोणोdo·ṇo ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo येनye·na भगवाbha·ga·vā तेनुपसङ्कमि;te·nu·pa·saṅ·ka·mi उपसङ्कमित्वाu·pa·saṅ·ka·mit·vā भगवताbha·ga·va·tā सद्धिंsad·dhiṃ सम्मोदि।sam·mo·di

   Atha kho doṇo brāhmaṇo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṁ sammodi.

   Then Doṇa the brahmin went up to the Buddha, and exchanged greetings with him.

5. 5

   सम्मोदनीयंsam·mo·da·nī·yaṃ कथंka·thaṃ सारणीयंsā·ra·ṇī·yaṃ वीतिसारेत्वाvī·ti·sā·ret·vā एकमन्तंe·ka·man·taṃ निसीदि।ni·sī·di एकमन्तंe·ka·man·taṃ निसिन्नोni·sin·no खोkho दोणोdo·ṇo ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo भगवन्तंbha·ga·van·taṃ एतदवोच:e·ta·da·vo·ca

   Sammodanīyaṁ kathaṁ sāraṇīyaṁ vītisāretvā ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho doṇo brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:

   When the greetings and polite conversation were over, Doṇa sat down to one side, and said to the Buddha:

6. 6

   “सुतंsu·taṃ मेतं,me·taṃ भोbho गोतम:go·ta·ma

   “Sutaṁ metaṁ, bho gotama:

   “Worthy Gotama, I have heard that

7. 7

   ‘नna समणोsa·ma·ṇo गोतमोgo·ta·mo ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe जिण्णेjiṇ·ṇe वुड्ढेvuḍ·ḍhe महल्लकेma·hal·la·ke अद्धगतेad·dha·ga·te वयोअनुप्पत्तेva·yo·a·nup·pat·te अभिवादेतिa·bhi·vā·de·ti वाvā पच्चुट्ठेतिpac·cuṭ·ṭhe·ti वाvā आसनेनā·sa·ne·na वाvā निमन्तेती’ति।ni·man·te·tī

   ‘na samaṇo gotamo brāhmaṇe jiṇṇe vuḍḍhe mahallake addhagate vayoanuppatte abhivādeti vā paccuṭṭheti vā āsanena vā nimantetī’ti.

   the ascetic Gotama doesn’t bow to old brahmins, the elderly and senior, who are advanced in years and have reached the final stage of life; nor does he rise in their presence or offer them a seat.

8. 8

   तयिदं,ta·yi·daṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma तथेव।ta·the·va

   Tayidaṁ, bho gotama, tatheva.

   And this is indeed the case,

9. 9

   नna हिhi भवंbha·vaṃ गोतमोgo·ta·mo ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe जिण्णेjiṇ·ṇe वुड्ढेvuḍ·ḍhe महल्लकेma·hal·la·ke अद्धगतेad·dha·ga·te वयोअनुप्पत्तेva·yo·a·nup·pat·te अभिवादेतिa·bhi·vā·de·ti वाvā पच्चुट्ठेतिpac·cuṭ·ṭhe·ti वाvā आसनेनā·sa·ne·na वाvā निमन्तेति।ni·man·te·ti

   Na hi bhavaṁ gotamo brāhmaṇe jiṇṇe vuḍḍhe mahallake addhagate vayoanuppatte abhivādeti vā paccuṭṭheti vā āsanena vā nimanteti.

   for the worthy Gotama does not bow to old brahmins, elderly and senior, who are advanced in years and have reached the final stage of life; nor does he rise in their presence or offer them a seat.

10. 10

    तयिदं,ta·yi·daṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma नna सम्पन्नमेवा”ति।sam·pan·na·me·vā

    Tayidaṁ, bho gotama, na sampannamevā”ti.

    This is not appropriate, worthy Gotama.”

11. 11

    “त्वम्पिtvam·pi नो,no दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo पटिजानासी”ति?pa·ṭi·jā·nā·sī

    “Tvampi no, doṇa, brāhmaṇo paṭijānāsī”ti?

    “Doṇa, do you too claim to be a brahmin?”

12. 12

    “यञ्हिyañ·hi तं,taṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma सम्माsam·mā वदमानोva·da·mā·no वदेय्य:va·dey·ya

    “Yañhi taṁ, bho gotama, sammā vadamāno vadeyya:

    “Worthy Gotama, if anyone should be rightly called

13. 13

    ‘ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातो—su·jā·to

    ‘brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto—

    a brahmin, it’s me.

14. 14

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन,jā·ti·vā·de·na अज्झायकोaj·jhā·ya·ko मन्तधरो,man·ta·dha·ro तिण्णंtiṇ·ṇaṃ वेदानंve·dā·naṃ पारगूpā·ra·gū सनिघण्डुकेटुभानंsa·ni·ghaṇ·ḍu·ke·ṭu·bhā·naṃ साक्खरप्पभेदानंsāk·kha·rap·pa·bhe·dā·naṃ इतिहासपञ्चमानं,i·ti·hā·sa·pañ·ca·mā·naṃ पदकोpa·da·ko वेय्याकरणोvey·yā·ka·ra·ṇo लोकायतमहापुरिसलक्खणेसुlo·kā·ya·ta·ma·hā·pu·ri·sa·lak·kha·ṇe·su अनवयो’ति,a·na·va·yo ममेवma·me·va तं,taṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma सम्माsam·mā वदमानोva·da·mā·no वदेय्य।va·dey·ya

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena, ajjhāyako mantadharo, tiṇṇaṁ vedānaṁ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṁ sākkharappabhedānaṁ itihāsapañcamānaṁ, padako veyyākaraṇo lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo’ti, mameva taṁ, bho gotama, sammā vadamāno vadeyya.

    (Pāli only)

15. 15

    अहञ्हि,a·hañ·hi भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातो—su·jā·to

    Ahañhi, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto—

    (Pāli only)

16. 16

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन,jā·ti·vā·de·na अज्झायकोaj·jhā·ya·ko मन्तधरो,man·ta·dha·ro तिण्णंtiṇ·ṇaṃ वेदानंve·dā·naṃ पारगूpā·ra·gū सनिघण्डुकेटुभानंsa·ni·ghaṇ·ḍu·ke·ṭu·bhā·naṃ साक्खरप्पभेदानंsāk·kha·rap·pa·bhe·dā·naṃ इतिहासपञ्चमानं,i·ti·hā·sa·pañ·ca·mā·naṃ पदकोpa·da·ko वेय्याकरणोvey·yā·ka·ra·ṇo लोकायतमहापुरिसलक्खणेसुlo·kā·ya·ta·ma·hā·pu·ri·sa·lak·kha·ṇe·su अनवयो”ति।a·na·va·yo

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena, ajjhāyako mantadharo, tiṇṇaṁ vedānaṁ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṁ sākkharappabhedānaṁ itihāsapañcamānaṁ, padako veyyākaraṇo lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo”ti.

    For I am well born on both my mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation. I recite and remember the hymns, and have mastered the three Vedas, together with their vocabularies and ritual performance, their phonology and word classification, and the testaments as fifth. I know them word-by-word, and their grammar. I am well versed in cosmology and the marks of a great man.”

17. 17

    “येye खोkho ते,te दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ पुब्बकाpub·ba·kā इसयोi·sa·yo मन्तानंman·tā·naṃ कत्तारोkat·tā·ro मन्तानंman·tā·naṃ पवत्तारो,pa·vat·tā·ro येसमिदंye·sa·mi·daṃ एतरहिe·ta·ra·hi ब्राह्मणाbrāh·ma·ṇā पोराणंpo·rā·ṇaṃ मन्तपदंman·ta·pa·daṃ गीतंgī·taṃ पवुत्तंpa·vut·taṃ समिहितंsa·mi·hi·taṃ तदनुगायन्तिta·da·nu·gā·yan·ti तदनुभासन्तिta·da·nu·bhā·san·ti भासितमनुभासन्तिbhā·si·ta·ma·nu·bhā·san·ti सज्झायितमनुसज्झायन्तिsaj·jhā·yi·ta·ma·nu·saj·jhā·yan·ti वाचितमनुवाचेन्ति,vā·ci·ta·ma·nu·vā·cen·ti सेय्यथिदं—अट्ठको,sey·ya·thi·daṃ वामको,vā·ma·ko वामदेवो,vā·ma·de·vo वेस्सामित्तो,ves·sā·mit·to यमदग्गि,ya·ma·dag·gi अङ्गीरसो,aṅ·gī·ra·so भारद्वाजो,bhā·rad·vā·jo वासेट्ठो,vā·seṭ·ṭho कस्सपो,kas·sa·po भगु;bha·gu

    “Ye kho te, doṇa, brāhmaṇānaṁ pubbakā isayo mantānaṁ kattāro mantānaṁ pavattāro, yesamidaṁ etarahi brāhmaṇā porāṇaṁ mantapadaṁ gītaṁ pavuttaṁ samihitaṁ tadanugāyanti tadanubhāsanti bhāsitamanubhāsanti sajjhāyitamanusajjhāyanti vācitamanuvācenti, seyyathidaṁ—aṭṭhako, vāmako, vāmadevo, vessāmitto, yamadaggi, aṅgīraso, bhāradvājo, vāseṭṭho, kassapo, bhagu;

    “Doṇa, the ancient brahmin seers were Aṭṭhaka, Vāmaka, Vāmadeva, Vessāmitta, Yamadaggi, Aṅgīrasa, Bhāradvāja, Vāseṭṭha, Kassapa, and Bhagu. They were the authors and propagators of the hymns, whose hymnal was sung and propagated and compiled in ancient times. These days, brahmins continue to sing and chant it. They continue chanting what was chanted, rehearsing what was rehearsed, and teaching what was taught.

18. 18

    त्यास्सुमेtyās·su·me पञ्चpañ·ca ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe पञ्ञापेन्ति—pañ·ñā·pen·ti

    tyāssume pañca brāhmaṇe paññāpenti—

    Those seers described five kinds of brahmins.

19. 19

    ब्रह्मसमं,brah·ma·sa·maṃ देवसमं,de·va·sa·maṃ मरियादं,ma·ri·yā·daṃ सम्भिन्नमरियादं,sam·bhin·na·ma·ri·yā·daṃ ब्राह्मणचण्डालंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·laṃ·ye·va पञ्चमं।pañ·ca·maṃ

    brahmasamaṁ, devasamaṁ, mariyādaṁ, sambhinnamariyādaṁ, brāhmaṇacaṇḍālaṁyeva pañcamaṁ.

    A brahmin who is equal to the Divinity, one who is equal to a god, one who toes the line, one who crosses the line, and the fifth is a brahmin corpse-worker.

20. 20

    तेसंte·saṃ त्वंtvaṃ दोण,do·ṇa कतमो”ति?ka·ta·mo

    Tesaṁ tvaṁ doṇa, katamo”ti?

    Which one of these are you, Doṇa?”

21. 21

    “नna खोkho मयं,ma·yaṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma पञ्चpañ·ca ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe जानाम,jā·nā·ma अथa·tha खोkho मयंma·yaṃ ब्राह्मणात्वेवbrāh·ma·ṇāt·ve·va जानाम।jā·nā·ma

    “Na kho mayaṁ, bho gotama, pañca brāhmaṇe jānāma, atha kho mayaṁ brāhmaṇātveva jānāma.

    “Worthy Gotama, we don’t know about these five kinds of brahmins. We just know the word ‘brahmin’.

22. 22

    साधुsā·dhu मेme भवंbha·vaṃ गोतमोgo·ta·mo तथाta·thā धम्मंdham·maṃ देसेतुde·se·tu यथाya·thā अहंa·haṃ इमेi·me पञ्चpañ·ca ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe जानेय्यन्”ति।jā·ney·yan

    Sādhu me bhavaṁ gotamo tathā dhammaṁ desetu yathā ahaṁ ime pañca brāhmaṇe jāneyyan”ti.

    Worthy Gotama, please teach me this matter so I can learn about these five brahmins.”

23. 23

    “तेनte·na हि,hi ब्राह्मण,brāh·ma·ṇa सुणोहि,su·ṇo·hi साधुकंsā·dhu·kaṃ मनसिma·na·si करोहि;ka·ro·hi भासिस्सामी”ति।bhā·sis·sā·mī

    “Tena hi, brāhmaṇa, suṇohi, sādhukaṁ manasi karohi; bhāsissāmī”ti.

    “Well then, brahmin, listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.”

24. 24

    “एवं,e·vaṃ भो”तिbho खोkho दोणोdo·ṇo ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo भगवतोbha·ga·va·to पच्चस्सोसि।pac·cas·so·si

    “Evaṁ, bho”ti kho doṇo brāhmaṇo bhagavato paccassosi.

    “Yes, worthy sir,” Doṇa replied.

25. 25

    भगवाbha·ga·vā एतदवोच:e·ta·da·vo·ca

    Bhagavā etadavoca:

    The Buddha said this:

26. 26

    “कथञ्च,ka·thañ·ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ब्रह्मसमोbrah·ma·sa·mo होति?ho·ti

    “Kathañca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo brahmasamo hoti?

    “Doṇa, how is a brahmin equal to the Divinity?

27. 27

    इध,i·dha दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातोsu·jā·to होति—ho·ti

    Idha, doṇa, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti—

    It’s when a brahmin is well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.

28. 28

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन।jā·ti·vā·de·na

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena.

    (Pāli only)

29. 29

    सोso अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरतिca·ra·ti मन्तेman·te अधीयमानो।a·dhī·ya·mā·no

    So aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ carati mante adhīyamāno.

    For forty-eight years he leads the boy’s spiritual life studying the hymns.

30. 30

    अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरित्वाca·rit·vā मन्तेman·te अधीयित्वाa·dhī·yit·vā आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    Aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ caritvā mante adhīyitvā ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    Then he seeks a fee for his tutor, but only by legitimate means, not illegitimate.

31. 31

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    In this context, Doṇa, what is legitimate?

32. 32

    नेवne·va कसियाka·si·yā नna वणिज्जायva·ṇij·jā·ya नna गोरक्खेनgo·rak·khe·na नna इस्सत्थेनis·sat·the·na नna राजपोरिसेनrā·ja·po·ri·se·na नna सिप्पञ्ञतरेन,sip·pañ·ña·ta·re·na केवलंke·va·laṃ भिक्खाचरियायbhik·khā·ca·ri·yā·ya कपालंka·pā·laṃ अनतिमञ्ञमानो।a·na·ti·mañ·ña·mā·no

    Neva kasiyā na vaṇijjāya na gorakkhena na issatthena na rājaporisena na sippaññatarena, kevalaṁ bhikkhācariyāya kapālaṁ anatimaññamāno.

    Not by farming, trade, raising cattle, archery, government service, or one of the professions, but solely by living on alms, not scorning the alms bowl.

33. 33

    सोso आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ निय्यादेत्वाniy·yā·det·vā केसमस्सुंke·sa·mas·suṃ ओहारेत्वाo·hā·ret·vā कासायानिkā·sā·yā·ni वत्थानिvat·thā·ni अच्छादेत्वाac·chā·det·vā अगारस्माa·gā·ras·mā अनगारियंa·na·gā·ri·yaṃ पब्बजति।pab·ba·ja·ti

    So ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ niyyādetvā kesamassuṁ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati.

    Having offered the fee to his tutor, he shaves off his hair and beard, dresses in ocher robes, and goes forth from the lay life to homelessness.

34. 34

    सोso एवंe·vaṃ पब्बजितोpab·ba·ji·to समानोsa·mā·no मेत्तासहगतेनmet·tā·sa·ha·ga·te·na चेतसाce·ta·sā एकंe·kaṃ दिसंdi·saṃ फरित्वाpha·rit·vā विहरति,vi·ha·ra·ti तथाta·thā दुतियंdu·ti·yaṃ तथाta·thā ततियंta·ti·yaṃ तथाta·thā चतुत्थं,ca·tut·thaṃ इतिi·ti उद्धमधोud·dha·ma·dho तिरियंti·ri·yaṃ सब्बधिsab·ba·dhi सब्बत्ततायsab·bat·ta·tā·ya सब्बावन्तंsab·bā·van·taṃ लोकंlo·kaṃ मेत्तासहगतेनmet·tā·sa·ha·ga·te·na चेतसाce·ta·sā विपुलेनvi·pu·le·na महग्गतेनma·hag·ga·te·na अप्पमाणेनap·pa·mā·ṇe·na अवेरेनa·ve·re·na अब्यापज्जेनab·yā·paj·je·na फरित्वाpha·rit·vā विहरति।vi·ha·ra·ti

    So evaṁ pabbajito samāno mettāsahagatena cetasā ekaṁ disaṁ pharitvā viharati, tathā dutiyaṁ tathā tatiyaṁ tathā catutthaṁ, iti uddhamadho tiriyaṁ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṁ lokaṁ mettāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati.

    Then they meditate spreading a heart full of love to one direction, and to the second, and to the third, and to the fourth. In the same way above, below, across, everywhere, all around, they spread a heart full of love to the whole world—abundant, expansive, limitless, free of enmity and ill will.

35. 35

    करुणाka·ru·ṇā …पे…pe

    Karuṇā …pe…

    They meditate spreading a heart full of compassion …

36. 36

    मुदिताmu·di·tā …

    muditā …

    rejoicing …

37. 37

    उपेक्खासहगतेनu·pek·khā·sa·ha·ga·te·na चेतसाce·ta·sā एकंe·kaṃ दिसंdi·saṃ फरित्वाpha·rit·vā विहरति,vi·ha·ra·ti तथाta·thā दुतियंdu·ti·yaṃ तथाta·thā ततियंta·ti·yaṃ तथाta·thā चतुत्थं,ca·tut·thaṃ इतिi·ti उद्धमधोud·dha·ma·dho तिरियंti·ri·yaṃ सब्बधिsab·ba·dhi सब्बत्ततायsab·bat·ta·tā·ya सब्बावन्तंsab·bā·van·taṃ लोकंlo·kaṃ उपेक्खासहगतेनu·pek·khā·sa·ha·ga·te·na चेतसाce·ta·sā विपुलेनvi·pu·le·na महग्गतेनma·hag·ga·te·na अप्पमाणेनap·pa·mā·ṇe·na अवेरेनa·ve·re·na अब्यापज्जेनab·yā·paj·je·na फरित्वाpha·rit·vā विहरति।vi·ha·ra·ti

    upekkhāsahagatena cetasā ekaṁ disaṁ pharitvā viharati, tathā dutiyaṁ tathā tatiyaṁ tathā catutthaṁ, iti uddhamadho tiriyaṁ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṁ lokaṁ upekkhāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati.

    equanimity to one direction, and to the second, and to the third, and to the fourth. In the same way above, below, across, everywhere, all around, they spread a heart full of equanimity to the whole world—abundant, expansive, limitless, free of enmity and ill will.

38. 38

    सोso इमेi·me चत्तारोcat·tā·ro ब्रह्मविहारेbrah·ma·vi·hā·re भावेत्वाbhā·vet·vā कायस्सkā·yas·sa भेदाbhe·dā परंpa·raṃ मरणाma·ra·ṇā सुगतिंsu·ga·tiṃ ब्रह्मलोकंbrah·ma·lo·kaṃ उपपज्जति।u·pa·paj·ja·ti

    So ime cattāro brahmavihāre bhāvetvā kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ brahmalokaṁ upapajjati.

    Having developed these four divine meditations, when the body breaks up, after death, they’re reborn in a good place, a realm of divinity.

39. 39

    एवंe·vaṃ खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ब्रह्मसमोbrah·ma·sa·mo होति।ho·ti

    Evaṁ kho, doṇa, brāhmaṇo brahmasamo hoti.

    That’s how a brahmin is equal to the Divinity.

40. 40

    कथञ्च,ka·thañ·ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo देवसमोde·va·sa·mo होति?ho·ti

    Kathañca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo devasamo hoti?

    And how is a brahmin equal to a god?

41. 41

    इध,i·dha दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातोsu·jā·to होति—ho·ti

    Idha, doṇa, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti—

    It’s when a brahmin is well born on both the mother’s and the father’s sides …

42. 42

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन।jā·ti·vā·de·na

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena.

    (Pāli only)

43. 43

    सोso अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरतिca·ra·ti मन्तेman·te अधीयमानो।a·dhī·ya·mā·no

    So aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ carati mante adhīyamāno.

    (Pāli only)

44. 44

    अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरित्वाca·rit·vā मन्तेman·te अधीयित्वाa·dhī·yit·vā आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    Aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ caritvā mante adhīyitvā ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    (Pāli only)

45. 45

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    (Pāli only)

46. 46

    नेवne·va कसियाka·si·yā नna वणिज्जायva·ṇij·jā·ya नna गोरक्खेनgo·rak·khe·na नna इस्सत्थेनis·sat·the·na नna राजपोरिसेनrā·ja·po·ri·se·na नna सिप्पञ्ञतरेन,sip·pañ·ña·ta·re·na केवलंke·va·laṃ भिक्खाचरियायbhik·khā·ca·ri·yā·ya कपालंka·pā·laṃ अनतिमञ्ञमानो।a·na·ti·mañ·ña·mā·no

    Neva kasiyā na vaṇijjāya na gorakkhena na issatthena na rājaporisena na sippaññatarena, kevalaṁ bhikkhācariyāya kapālaṁ anatimaññamāno.

    (Pāli only)

47. 47

    सोso आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ निय्यादेत्वाniy·yā·det·vā दारंdā·raṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    So ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ niyyādetvā dāraṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    Having offered the fee to his tutor, he seeks a wife, but only by legitimate means, not illegitimate.

48. 48

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    In this context, Doṇa, what is legitimate?

49. 49

    नेवne·va कयेनka·ye·na नna विक्कयेन,vik·ka·ye·na ब्राह्मणिंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇiṃ·ye·va उदकूपस्सट्ठं।u·da·kū·pas·saṭ·ṭhaṃ

    Neva kayena na vikkayena, brāhmaṇiṁyeva udakūpassaṭṭhaṁ.

    Not by buying or selling, he only accepts a brahmin woman by the pouring of water.

50. 50

    सोso ब्राह्मणिंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇiṃ·ye·va गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna खत्तियिंkhat·ti·yiṃ नna वेस्सिंves·siṃ नna सुद्दिंsud·diṃ नna चण्डालिंcaṇ·ḍā·liṃ नna नेसादिंne·sā·diṃ नna वेनिंve·niṃ नna रथकारिंra·tha·kā·riṃ नna पुक्कुसिंpuk·ku·siṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna अनुतुनिंa·nu·tu·niṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    So brāhmaṇiṁyeva gacchati, na khattiyiṁ na vessiṁ na suddiṁ na caṇḍāliṁ na nesādiṁ na veniṁ na rathakāriṁ na pukkusiṁ gacchati, na gabbhiniṁ gacchati, na pāyamānaṁ gacchati, na anutuniṁ gacchati.

    He has sex only with a brahmin woman. He does not have sex with a woman from a family of aristocrats, peasants, menials, corpse-workers, hunters, bamboo-workers, chariot-makers, or scavengers. Nor does he have sex with women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or outside the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle.

51. 51

    कस्माkas·mā च,ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति?gac·cha·ti

    Kasmā ca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na gabbhiniṁ gacchati?

    And why does the brahmin not have sex with a pregnant woman?

52. 52

    सचे,sa·ce दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti अतिमीळ्हजोa·ti·mī·ḷha·jo नामnā·ma सोso होतिho·ti माणवकोmā·ṇa·va·ko वाvā माणविकाmā·ṇa·vi·kā वा।vā

    Sace, doṇa, brāhmaṇo gabbhiniṁ gacchati, atimīḷhajo nāma so hoti māṇavako vā māṇavikā vā.

    If a brahmin had sex with a pregnant woman, the boy or girl would be born in too much filth.

53. 53

    तस्मा,tas·mā दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    Tasmā, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na gabbhiniṁ gacchati.

    That’s why the brahmin doesn’t have sex with a pregnant woman.

54. 54

    कस्माkas·mā च,ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति?gac·cha·ti

    Kasmā ca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na pāyamānaṁ gacchati?

    And why does the brahmin not have sex with a breastfeeding woman?

55. 55

    सचे,sa·ce दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti असुचिपटिपीळितोa·su·ci·pa·ṭi·pī·ḷi·to नामnā·ma सोso होतिho·ti माणवकोmā·ṇa·va·ko वाvā माणविकाmā·ṇa·vi·kā वा।vā

    Sace, doṇa, brāhmaṇo pāyamānaṁ gacchati, asucipaṭipīḷito nāma so hoti māṇavako vā māṇavikā vā.

    If a brahmin had sex with a breastfeeding woman, the boy or girl would drink back the semen.

56. 56

    तस्मा,tas·mā दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    Tasmā, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na pāyamānaṁ gacchati.

    That’s why the brahmin doesn’t have sex with a breastfeeding woman.

57. 57

    तस्सtas·sa साsā होतिho·ti ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī नेवne·va कामत्थाkā·mat·thā नna दवत्थाda·vat·thā नna रतत्था,ra·tat·thā पजत्थावpa·jat·thā·va ब्राह्मणस्सbrāh·ma·ṇas·sa ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī होति।ho·ti

    Tassa sā hoti brāhmaṇī neva kāmatthā na davatthā na ratatthā, pajatthāva brāhmaṇassa brāhmaṇī hoti.

    And why does the brahmin not have sex outside the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle? Because his brahmin wife is not there for sensual pleasure, fun, and enjoyment, but only for procreation.

58. 58

    सोso मेथुनंme·thu·naṃ उप्पादेत्वाup·pā·det·vā केसमस्सुंke·sa·mas·suṃ ओहारेत्वाo·hā·ret·vā कासायानिkā·sā·yā·ni वत्थानिvat·thā·ni अच्छादेत्वाac·chā·det·vā अगारस्माa·gā·ras·mā अनगारियंa·na·gā·ri·yaṃ पब्बजति।pab·ba·ja·ti

    So methunaṁ uppādetvā kesamassuṁ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati.

    Having ensured his progeny through sex, he shaves off his hair and beard, dresses in ocher robes, and goes forth from the lay life to homelessness.

59. 59

    सोso एवंe·vaṃ पब्बजितोpab·ba·ji·to समानोsa·mā·no विविच्चेवvi·vic·ce·va कामेहिkā·me·hi …पे…pe चतुत्थंca·tut·thaṃ झानंjhā·naṃ उपसम्पज्जu·pa·sam·paj·ja विहरति।vi·ha·ra·ti

    So evaṁ pabbajito samāno vivicceva kāmehi …pe… catutthaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja viharati.

    When he has gone forth, quite secluded from sensual pleasures, secluded from unskillful qualities, he enters and remains in the first absorption … second absorption … third absorption … fourth absorption.

60. 60

    सोso इमेi·me चत्तारोcat·tā·ro झानेjhā·ne भावेत्वाbhā·vet·vā कायस्सkā·yas·sa भेदाbhe·dā परंpa·raṃ मरणाma·ra·ṇā सुगतिंsu·ga·tiṃ सग्गंsag·gaṃ लोकंlo·kaṃ उपपज्जति।u·pa·paj·ja·ti

    So ime cattāro jhāne bhāvetvā kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati.

    Having developed these four absorptions, when the body breaks up, after death, they’re reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm.

61. 61

    एवंe·vaṃ खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo देवसमोde·va·sa·mo होति।ho·ti

    Evaṁ kho, doṇa, brāhmaṇo devasamo hoti.

    That’s how a brahmin is equal to god.

62. 62

    कथञ्च,ka·thañ·ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo मरियादोma·ri·yā·do होति?ho·ti

    Kathañca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo mariyādo hoti?

    And how does a brahmin toe the line?

63. 63

    इध,i·dha दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातोsu·jā·to होति—ho·ti

    Idha, doṇa, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti—

    It’s when a brahmin is well born on both the mother’s and the father’s sides …

64. 64

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन।jā·ti·vā·de·na

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena.

    (Pāli only)

65. 65

    सोso अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरतिca·ra·ti मन्तेman·te अधीयमानो।a·dhī·ya·mā·no

    So aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ carati mante adhīyamāno.

    (Pāli only)

66. 66

    अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरित्वाca·rit·vā मन्तेman·te अधीयित्वाa·dhī·yit·vā आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    Aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ caritvā mante adhīyitvā ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    (Pāli only)

67. 67

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    (Pāli only)

68. 68

    नेवne·va कसियाka·si·yā नna वणिज्जायva·ṇij·jā·ya नna गोरक्खेनgo·rak·khe·na नna इस्सत्थेनis·sat·the·na नna राजपोरिसेनrā·ja·po·ri·se·na नna सिप्पञ्ञतरेन,sip·pañ·ña·ta·re·na केवलंke·va·laṃ भिक्खाचरियायbhik·khā·ca·ri·yā·ya कपालंka·pā·laṃ अनतिमञ्ञमानो।a·na·ti·mañ·ña·mā·no

    Neva kasiyā na vaṇijjāya na gorakkhena na issatthena na rājaporisena na sippaññatarena, kevalaṁ bhikkhācariyāya kapālaṁ anatimaññamāno.

    (Pāli only)

69. 69

    सोso आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ निय्यादेत्वाniy·yā·det·vā दारंdā·raṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    So ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ niyyādetvā dāraṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    (Pāli only)

70. 70

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    (Pāli only)

71. 71

    नेवne·va कयेनka·ye·na नna विक्कयेन,vik·ka·ye·na ब्राह्मणिंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇiṃ·ye·va उदकूपस्सट्ठं।u·da·kū·pas·saṭ·ṭhaṃ

    Neva kayena na vikkayena, brāhmaṇiṁyeva udakūpassaṭṭhaṁ.

    Not by buying or selling, he only accepts a brahmin woman by the pouring of water.

72. 72

    सोso ब्राह्मणिंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇiṃ·ye·va गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna खत्तियिंkhat·ti·yiṃ नna वेस्सिंves·siṃ नna सुद्दिंsud·diṃ नna चण्डालिंcaṇ·ḍā·liṃ नna नेसादिंne·sā·diṃ नna वेनिंve·niṃ नna रथकारिंra·tha·kā·riṃ नna पुक्कुसिंpuk·ku·siṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti नna अनुतुनिंa·nu·tu·niṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    So brāhmaṇiṁyeva gacchati, na khattiyiṁ na vessiṁ na suddiṁ na caṇḍāliṁ na nesādiṁ na veniṁ na rathakāriṁ na pukkusiṁ gacchati, na gabbhiniṁ gacchati, na pāyamānaṁ gacchati, na anutuniṁ gacchati.

    (Pāli only)

73. 73

    कस्माkas·mā च,ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति?gac·cha·ti

    Kasmā ca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na gabbhiniṁ gacchati?

    (Pāli only)

74. 74

    सचे,sa·ce दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti अतिमीळ्हजोa·ti·mī·ḷha·jo नामnā·ma सोso होतिho·ti माणवकोmā·ṇa·va·ko वाvā माणविकाmā·ṇa·vi·kā वा।vā

    Sace, doṇa, brāhmaṇo gabbhiniṁ gacchati, atimīḷhajo nāma so hoti māṇavako vā māṇavikā vā.

    (Pāli only)

75. 75

    तस्मा,tas·mā दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna गब्भिनिंgab·bhi·niṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    Tasmā, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na gabbhiniṁ gacchati.

    (Pāli only)

76. 76

    कस्माkas·mā च,ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति?gac·cha·ti

    Kasmā ca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na pāyamānaṁ gacchati?

    (Pāli only)

77. 77

    सचे,sa·ce दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति,gac·cha·ti असुचिपटिपीळितोa·su·ci·pa·ṭi·pī·ḷi·to नामnā·ma सोso होतिho·ti माणवकोmā·ṇa·va·ko वाvā माणविकाmā·ṇa·vi·kā वा।vā

    Sace, doṇa, brāhmaṇo pāyamānaṁ gacchati, asucipaṭipīḷito nāma so hoti māṇavako vā māṇavikā vā.

    (Pāli only)

78. 78

    तस्मा,tas·mā दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna पायमानंpā·ya·mā·naṃ गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    Tasmā, doṇa, brāhmaṇo na pāyamānaṁ gacchati.

    (Pāli only)

79. 79

    तस्सtas·sa साsā होतिho·ti ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī नेवne·va कामत्थाkā·mat·thā नna दवत्थाda·vat·thā नna रतत्था,ra·tat·thā पजत्थावpa·jat·thā·va ब्राह्मणस्सbrāh·ma·ṇas·sa ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī होति।ho·ti

    Tassa sā hoti brāhmaṇī neva kāmatthā na davatthā na ratatthā, pajatthāva brāhmaṇassa brāhmaṇī hoti.

    (Pāli only)

80. 80

    सोso मेथुनंme·thu·naṃ उप्पादेत्वाup·pā·det·vā तमेवta·me·va पुत्तस्सादंput·tas·sā·daṃ निकामयमानोni·kā·ma·ya·mā·no कुटुम्बंku·ṭum·baṃ अज्झावसति,aj·jhā·va·sa·ti नna अगारस्माa·gā·ras·mā अनगारियंa·na·gā·ri·yaṃ पब्बजति।pab·ba·ja·ti

    So methunaṁ uppādetvā tameva puttassādaṁ nikāmayamāno kuṭumbaṁ ajjhāvasati, na agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati.

    Having ensured his progeny through sex, his child makes him happy. Because of this attachment he stays in his family property, and does not go forth from the lay life to homelessness.

81. 81

    यावyā·va पोराणानंpo·rā·ṇā·naṃ ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ मरियादोma·ri·yā·do तत्थtat·tha तिट्ठति,tiṭ·ṭha·ti तंtaṃ नna वीतिक्कमति।vī·tik·ka·ma·ti

    Yāva porāṇānaṁ brāhmaṇānaṁ mariyādo tattha tiṭṭhati, taṁ na vītikkamati.

    As far as the line of the ancient brahmins extends, he doesn’t cross over it.

82. 82

    ‘यावyā·va पोराणानंpo·rā·ṇā·naṃ ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ मरियादोma·ri·yā·do तत्थtat·tha ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ठितोṭhi·to तंtaṃ नna वीतिक्कमती’ति,vī·tik·ka·ma·tī खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa तस्माtas·mā ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo मरियादोतिma·ri·yā·do·ti वुच्चति।vuc·ca·ti

    ‘Yāva porāṇānaṁ brāhmaṇānaṁ mariyādo tattha brāhmaṇo ṭhito taṁ na vītikkamatī’ti, kho, doṇa, tasmā brāhmaṇo mariyādoti vuccati.

    That’s why he’s called a brahmin who toes the line.

83. 83

    एवंe·vaṃ खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo मरियादोma·ri·yā·do होति।ho·ti

    Evaṁ kho, doṇa, brāhmaṇo mariyādo hoti.

    That’s how a brahmin toes the line.

84. 84

    कथञ्च,ka·thañ·ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo सम्भिन्नमरियादोsam·bhin·na·ma·ri·yā·do होति?ho·ti

    Kathañca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo sambhinnamariyādo hoti?

    And how does a brahmin cross the line?

85. 85

    इध,i·dha दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातोsu·jā·to होति—ho·ti

    Idha, doṇa, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti—

    It’s when a brahmin is well born on both the mother’s and the father’s sides …

86. 86

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन।jā·ti·vā·de·na

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena.

    (Pāli only)

87. 87

    सोso अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरतिca·ra·ti मन्तेman·te अधीयमानो।a·dhī·ya·mā·no

    So aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ carati mante adhīyamāno.

    (Pāli only)

88. 88

    अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरित्वाca·rit·vā मन्तेman·te अधीयित्वाa·dhī·yit·vā आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनेव,dham·me·ne·va नोno अधम्मेन।a·dham·me·na

    Aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ caritvā mante adhīyitvā ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ pariyesati dhammeneva, no adhammena.

    (Pāli only)

89. 89

    तत्थtat·tha च,ca दोण,do·ṇa कोko धम्मो?dham·mo

    Tattha ca, doṇa, ko dhammo?

    (Pāli only)

90. 90

    नेवne·va कसियाka·si·yā नna वणिज्जायva·ṇij·jā·ya नna गोरक्खेनgo·rak·khe·na नna इस्सत्थेनis·sat·the·na नna राजपोरिसेनrā·ja·po·ri·se·na नna सिप्पञ्ञतरेन,sip·pañ·ña·ta·re·na केवलंke·va·laṃ भिक्खाचरियायbhik·khā·ca·ri·yā·ya कपालंka·pā·laṃ अनतिमञ्ञमानो।a·na·ti·mañ·ña·mā·no

    Neva kasiyā na vaṇijjāya na gorakkhena na issatthena na rājaporisena na sippaññatarena, kevalaṁ bhikkhācariyāya kapālaṁ anatimaññamāno.

    (Pāli only)

91. 91

    सोso आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ निय्यादेत्वाniy·yā·det·vā दारंdā·raṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनपिdham·me·na·pi अधम्मेनपिa·dham·me·na·pi कयेनपिka·ye·na·pi विक्कयेनपिvik·ka·ye·na·pi ब्राह्मणिम्पिbrāh·ma·ṇim·pi उदकूपस्सट्ठं।u·da·kū·pas·saṭ·ṭhaṃ

    So ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ niyyādetvā dāraṁ pariyesati dhammenapi adhammenapi kayenapi vikkayenapi brāhmaṇimpi udakūpassaṭṭhaṁ.

    Having offered a fee for his tutor, he seeks a wife by both legitimate and illegitimate means. That is, by buying or selling, as well as accepting a brahmin woman by the pouring of water.

92. 92

    सोso ब्राह्मणिम्पिbrāh·ma·ṇim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti खत्तियिम्पिkhat·ti·yim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti वेस्सिम्पिves·sim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti सुद्दिम्पिsud·dim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti चण्डालिम्पिcaṇ·ḍā·lim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti नेसादिम्पिne·sā·dim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti वेनिम्पिve·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti रथकारिम्पिra·tha·kā·rim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti पुक्कुसिम्पिpuk·ku·sim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti गब्भिनिम्पिgab·bhi·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti पायमानम्पिpā·ya·mā·nam·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti उतुनिम्पिu·tu·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti अनुतुनिम्पिa·nu·tu·nim·pi गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

    So brāhmaṇimpi gacchati khattiyimpi gacchati vessimpi gacchati suddimpi gacchati caṇḍālimpi gacchati nesādimpi gacchati venimpi gacchati rathakārimpi gacchati pukkusimpi gacchati gabbhinimpi gacchati pāyamānampi gacchati utunimpi gacchati anutunimpi gacchati.

    He has sex with a brahmin woman, as well as with a woman from a family of aristocrats, peasants, menials, corpse-workers, hunters, bamboo workers, chariot-makers, or scavengers. And he has sex with women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or outside the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle.

93. 93

    तस्सtas·sa साsā होतिho·ti ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī कामत्थापिkā·mat·thā·pi दवत्थापिda·vat·thā·pi रतत्थापिra·tat·thā·pi पजत्थापिpa·jat·thā·pi ब्राह्मणस्सbrāh·ma·ṇas·sa ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī होति।ho·ti

    Tassa sā hoti brāhmaṇī kāmatthāpi davatthāpi ratatthāpi pajatthāpi brāhmaṇassa brāhmaṇī hoti.

    His brahmin wife is there for sensual pleasure, fun, and enjoyment, as well as for procreation.

94. 94

    यावyā·va पोराणानंpo·rā·ṇā·naṃ ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ मरियादोma·ri·yā·do तत्थtat·tha नna तिट्ठति,tiṭ·ṭha·ti तंtaṃ वीतिक्कमति।vī·tik·ka·ma·ti

    Yāva porāṇānaṁ brāhmaṇānaṁ mariyādo tattha na tiṭṭhati, taṁ vītikkamati.

    As far as the line of the ancient brahmins extends, he crosses over it.

95. 95

    ‘यावyā·va पोराणानंpo·rā·ṇā·naṃ ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ मरियादोma·ri·yā·do तत्थtat·tha ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo नna ठितोṭhi·to तंtaṃ वीतिक्कमती’तिvī·tik·ka·ma·tī खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa तस्माtas·mā ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo सम्भिन्नमरियादोतिsam·bhin·na·ma·ri·yā·do·ti वुच्चति।vuc·ca·ti

    ‘Yāva porāṇānaṁ brāhmaṇānaṁ mariyādo tattha brāhmaṇo na ṭhito taṁ vītikkamatī’ti kho, doṇa, tasmā brāhmaṇo sambhinnamariyādoti vuccati.

    That’s why he’s called a brahmin who crosses the line.

96. 96

    एवंe·vaṃ खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo सम्भिन्नमरियादोsam·bhin·na·ma·ri·yā·do होति।ho·ti

    Evaṁ kho, doṇa, brāhmaṇo sambhinnamariyādo hoti.

    That’s how a brahmin crosses the line.

97. 97

    कथञ्च,ka·thañ·ca दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ब्राह्मणचण्डालोbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·lo होति?ho·ti

    Kathañca, doṇa, brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇacaṇḍālo hoti?

    And how is a brahmin a brahmin corpse-worker?

98. 98

    इध,i·dha दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उभतोu·bha·to सुजातोsu·jā·to होति—ho·ti

    Idha, doṇa, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti—

    It’s when a brahmin is well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.

99. 99

    मातितोmā·ti·to चca पितितोpi·ti·to च,ca संसुद्धगहणिको,saṃ·sud·dha·ga·ha·ṇi·ko यावyā·va सत्तमाsat·ta·mā पितामहयुगाpi·tā·ma·ha·yu·gā अक्खित्तोak·khit·to अनुपक्कुट्ठोa·nu·pak·kuṭ·ṭho जातिवादेन।jā·ti·vā·de·na

    mātito ca pitito ca, saṁsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena.

    (Pāli only)

100. 100

     सोso अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरतिca·ra·ti मन्तेman·te अधीयमानो।a·dhī·ya·mā·no

     So aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ carati mante adhīyamāno.

     For forty-eight years he leads the virginal spiritual life studying the hymns.

101. 101

     अट्ठचत्तालीसवस्सानिaṭ·ṭha·cat·tā·lī·sa·vas·sā·ni कोमारब्रह्मचरियंko·mā·rab·rah·ma·ca·ri·yaṃ चरित्वाca·rit·vā मन्तेman·te अधीयित्वाa·dhī·yit·vā आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनपिdham·me·na·pi अधम्मेनपिa·dham·me·na·pi

     Aṭṭhacattālīsavassāni komārabrahmacariyaṁ caritvā mante adhīyitvā ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ pariyesati dhammenapi adhammenapi

     Then he seeks a fee for his tutor by legitimate means and illegitimate means.

102. 102

     कसियापिka·si·yā·pi वणिज्जायपिva·ṇij·jā·ya·pi गोरक्खेनपिgo·rak·khe·na·pi इस्सत्थेनपिis·sat·the·na·pi राजपोरिसेनपिrā·ja·po·ri·se·na·pi सिप्पञ्ञतरेनपि,sip·pañ·ña·ta·re·na·pi केवलम्पिke·va·lam·pi भिक्खाचरियाय,bhik·khā·ca·ri·yā·ya कपालंka·pā·laṃ अनतिमञ्ञमानो।a·na·ti·mañ·ña·mā·no

     kasiyāpi vaṇijjāyapi gorakkhenapi issatthenapi rājaporisenapi sippaññatarenapi, kevalampi bhikkhācariyāya, kapālaṁ anatimaññamāno.

     By farming, trade, raising cattle, archery, government service, or one of the professions, not solely by living on alms, not scorning the alms bowl.

103. 103

     सोso आचरियस्सā·ca·ri·yas·sa आचरियधनंā·ca·ri·ya·dha·naṃ निय्यादेत्वाniy·yā·det·vā दारंdā·raṃ परियेसतिpa·ri·ye·sa·ti धम्मेनपिdham·me·na·pi अधम्मेनपिa·dham·me·na·pi कयेनपिka·ye·na·pi विक्कयेनपिvik·ka·ye·na·pi ब्राह्मणिम्पिbrāh·ma·ṇim·pi उदकूपस्सट्ठं।u·da·kū·pas·saṭ·ṭhaṃ

     So ācariyassa ācariyadhanaṁ niyyādetvā dāraṁ pariyesati dhammenapi adhammenapi kayenapi vikkayenapi brāhmaṇimpi udakūpassaṭṭhaṁ.

     Having offered a fee for his tutor, he seeks a wife by both legitimate and illegitimate means. That is, by buying or selling, as well as accepting a brahmin woman by the pouring of water.

104. 104

     सोso ब्राह्मणिम्पिbrāh·ma·ṇim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti खत्तियिम्पिkhat·ti·yim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti वेस्सिम्पिves·sim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti सुद्दिम्पिsud·dim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti चण्डालिम्पिcaṇ·ḍā·lim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti नेसादिम्पिne·sā·dim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti वेनिम्पिve·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti रथकारिम्पिra·tha·kā·rim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti पुक्कुसिम्पिpuk·ku·sim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti गब्भिनिम्पिgab·bhi·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti पायमानम्पिpā·ya·mā·nam·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti उतुनिम्पिu·tu·nim·pi गच्छतिgac·cha·ti अनुतुनिम्पिa·nu·tu·nim·pi गच्छति।gac·cha·ti

     So brāhmaṇimpi gacchati khattiyimpi gacchati vessimpi gacchati suddimpi gacchati caṇḍālimpi gacchati nesādimpi gacchati venimpi gacchati rathakārimpi gacchati pukkusimpi gacchati gabbhinimpi gacchati pāyamānampi gacchati utunimpi gacchati anutunimpi gacchati.

     He has sex with a brahmin woman, as well as with a woman from a family of aristocrats, peasants, menials, corpse-workers, hunters, bamboo workers, chariot-makers, or scavengers. And he has sex with women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or outside the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle.

105. 105

     तस्सtas·sa साsā होतिho·ti ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī कामत्थापिkā·mat·thā·pi दवत्थापिda·vat·thā·pi रतत्थापिra·tat·thā·pi पजत्थापिpa·jat·thā·pi ब्राह्मणस्सbrāh·ma·ṇas·sa ब्राह्मणीbrāh·ma·ṇī होति।ho·ti

     Tassa sā hoti brāhmaṇī kāmatthāpi davatthāpi ratatthāpi pajatthāpi brāhmaṇassa brāhmaṇī hoti.

     His brahmin wife is there for sensual pleasure, fun, and enjoyment, as well as for procreation.

106. 106

     सोso सब्बकम्मेहिsab·ba·kam·me·hi जीविकंjī·vi·kaṃ कप्पेति।kap·pe·ti

     So sabbakammehi jīvikaṁ kappeti.

     He earns a living by any kind of work.

107. 107

     तमेनंta·me·naṃ ब्राह्मणाbrāh·ma·ṇā एवमाहंसु:e·va·mā·haṃ·su

     Tamenaṁ brāhmaṇā evamāhaṁsu:

     The brahmins say to him,

108. 108

     ‘कस्माkas·mā भवंbha·vaṃ ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo पटिजानमानोpa·ṭi·jā·na·mā·no सब्बकम्मेहिsab·ba·kam·me·hi जीविकंjī·vi·kaṃ कप्पेती’ति?kap·pe·tī

     ‘kasmā bhavaṁ brāhmaṇo paṭijānamāno sabbakammehi jīvikaṁ kappetī’ti?

     ‘Why is it that the worthy sir claims to be a brahmin, but you earn a living by any kind of work?’

109. 109

     सोso एवमाह:e·va·mā·ha

     So evamāha:

     He says,

110. 110

     ‘सेय्यथापि,sey·ya·thā·pi भो,bho अग्गिag·gi सुचिम्पिsu·cim·pi डहतिḍa·ha·ti असुचिम्पिa·su·cim·pi डहति,ḍa·ha·ti नna चca तेनte·na अग्गिag·gi उपलिप्पति;u·pa·lip·pa·ti

     ‘seyyathāpi, bho, aggi sucimpi ḍahati asucimpi ḍahati, na ca tena aggi upalippati;

     ‘It’s like a fire that burns both pure and filthy things, but doesn’t become corrupted by them.

111. 111

     एवमेवंe·va·me·vaṃ खो,kho भो,bho सब्बकम्मेहिsab·ba·kam·me·hi चेपिce·pi ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo जीविकंjī·vi·kaṃ कप्पेति,kap·pe·ti नna चca तेनte·na ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo उपलिप्पति।u·pa·lip·pa·ti

     evamevaṁ kho, bho, sabbakammehi cepi brāhmaṇo jīvikaṁ kappeti, na ca tena brāhmaṇo upalippati.

     In the same way, worthy sir, if a brahmin earns a living by any kind of work, he is not corrupted by that.’

112. 112

     सब्बकम्मेहिsab·ba·kam·me·hi जीविकंjī·vi·kaṃ कप्पेती’तिkap·pe·tī खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa तस्माtas·mā ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ब्राह्मणचण्डालोतिbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·lo·ti वुच्चति।vuc·ca·ti

     Sabbakammehi jīvikaṁ kappetī’ti kho, doṇa, tasmā brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇacaṇḍāloti vuccati.

     A brahmin is called a brahmin corpse-worker because he earns a living by any kind of work.

113. 113

     एवंe·vaṃ खो,kho दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणोbrāh·ma·ṇo ब्राह्मणचण्डालोbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·lo होति।ho·ti

     Evaṁ kho, doṇa, brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇacaṇḍālo hoti.

     That’s how a brahmin is a brahmin corpse-worker.

114. 114

     येye खोkho ते,te दोण,do·ṇa ब्राह्मणानंbrāh·ma·ṇā·naṃ पुब्बकाpub·ba·kā इसयोi·sa·yo मन्तानंman·tā·naṃ कत्तारोkat·tā·ro मन्तानंman·tā·naṃ पवत्तारोpa·vat·tā·ro येसमिदंye·sa·mi·daṃ एतरहिe·ta·ra·hi ब्राह्मणाbrāh·ma·ṇā पोराणंpo·rā·ṇaṃ मन्तपदंman·ta·pa·daṃ गीतंgī·taṃ पवुत्तंpa·vut·taṃ समीहितंsa·mī·hi·taṃ तदनुगायन्तिta·da·nu·gā·yan·ti तदनुभासन्तिta·da·nu·bhā·san·ti भासितमनुभासन्तिbhā·si·ta·ma·nu·bhā·san·ti सज्झायितमनुसज्झायन्तिsaj·jhā·yi·ta·ma·nu·saj·jhā·yan·ti वाचितमनुवाचेन्ति,vā·ci·ta·ma·nu·vā·cen·ti सेय्यथिदं—अट्ठको,sey·ya·thi·daṃ वामको,vā·ma·ko वामदेवो,vā·ma·de·vo वेस्सामित्तो,ves·sā·mit·to यमदग्गि,ya·ma·dag·gi अङ्गीरसो,aṅ·gī·ra·so भारद्वाजो,bhā·rad·vā·jo वासेट्ठो,vā·seṭ·ṭho कस्सपो,kas·sa·po भगु;bha·gu

     Ye kho te, doṇa, brāhmaṇānaṁ pubbakā isayo mantānaṁ kattāro mantānaṁ pavattāro yesamidaṁ etarahi brāhmaṇā porāṇaṁ mantapadaṁ gītaṁ pavuttaṁ samīhitaṁ tadanugāyanti tadanubhāsanti bhāsitamanubhāsanti sajjhāyitamanusajjhāyanti vācitamanuvācenti, seyyathidaṁ—aṭṭhako, vāmako, vāmadevo, vessāmitto, yamadaggi, aṅgīraso, bhāradvājo, vāseṭṭho, kassapo, bhagu;

     Doṇa, the ancient brahmin seers were Aṭṭhaka, Vāmaka, Vāmadeva, Vessāmitta, Yamadaggi, Aṅgīrasa, Bhāradvāja, Vāseṭṭha, Kassapa, and Bhagu. They were the authors and propagators of the hymns, whose hymnal was sung and propagated and compiled in ancient times. These days, brahmins continue to sing and chant it. They continue chanting what was chanted, rehearsing what was rehearsed, and teaching what was taught.

115. 115

     त्यस्सुमेtyas·su·me पञ्चpañ·ca ब्राह्मणेbrāh·ma·ṇe पञ्ञापेन्ति—pañ·ñā·pen·ti

     tyassume pañca brāhmaṇe paññāpenti—

     Those seers described five kinds of brahmins.

116. 116

     ब्रह्मसमं,brah·ma·sa·maṃ देवसमं,de·va·sa·maṃ मरियादं,ma·ri·yā·daṃ सम्भिन्नमरियादं,sam·bhin·na·ma·ri·yā·daṃ ब्राह्मणचण्डालंयेवbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·laṃ·ye·va पञ्चमं।pañ·ca·maṃ

     brahmasamaṁ, devasamaṁ, mariyādaṁ, sambhinnamariyādaṁ, brāhmaṇacaṇḍālaṁyeva pañcamaṁ.

     A brahmin who is equal to the Divinity, one who is equal to a god, one who toes the line, one who crosses the line, and the fifth is a brahmin corpse-worker.

117. 117

     तेसंte·saṃ त्वं,tvaṃ दोण,do·ṇa कतमोति?ka·ta·mo·ti

     Tesaṁ tvaṁ, doṇa, katamoti?

     Which one of these are you, Doṇa?”

118. 118

     एवंe·vaṃ सन्तेsan·te मयं,ma·yaṃ भोbho गोतम,go·ta·ma ब्राह्मणचण्डालम्पिbrāh·ma·ṇa·caṇ·ḍā·lam·pi नna पूरेम।pū·re·ma

     Evaṁ sante mayaṁ, bho gotama, brāhmaṇacaṇḍālampi na pūrema.

     “This being so, worthy Gotama, I don’t even qualify as a brahmin corpse-worker.

119. 119

     अभिक्कन्तं,a·bhik·kan·taṃ भोbho गोतमgo·ta·ma …पे…pe उपासकंu·pā·sa·kaṃ मंmaṃ भवंbha·vaṃ गोतमोgo·ta·mo धारेतुdhā·re·tu अज्जतग्गेaj·ja·tag·ge पाणुपेतंpā·ṇu·pe·taṃ सरणंsa·ra·ṇaṃ गतन्”ति।ga·tan

     Abhikkantaṁ, bho gotama …pe… upāsakaṁ maṁ bhavaṁ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṁ saraṇaṁ gatan”ti.

     Excellent, worthy Gotama! … From this day forth, may the worthy Gotama remember me as a lay follower who has gone for refuge for life.”

120. 120

     दुतियं।du·ti·yaṃ

     Dutiyaṁ.

     (Pāli only)

Sources. Sanskrit: Satyavedaḥ, the New Testament in Sanskrit (Calcutta Baptist Missionaries, 1851; J. Wenger’s revision of W. Carey’s version). Digital text © 2018 SanskritBible.in, via eBible.org, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; changed here: arranged by verse and every word linked to the dictionary (links made automatically). Old Testament Sanskrit: the Old Testament in Sanskrit, Calcutta Baptist Mission Press, 1848–1852 (public domain), read by OCR from the Internet Archive scans of the Boston University School of Theology copy; unproofread, with machine clean-up only. Pāli Canon: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 (based on the Vipassana Research Institute’s Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana edition), from SuttaCentral bilara-data, CC0; Devanagari and pronunciation made automatically from the Roman text. Pāli English: Bhikkhu Sujato (suttas) and Bhikkhu Brahmali (Vinaya), SuttaCentral, CC0. Pāli word meanings: the Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede), corrected reprint © The Pali Text Society, CC BY-NC 3.0, digital text from BuddhaDust; word matching automatic. English: King James Version (1769), public domain; words the translators added are in italics. Word meanings and pronunciations: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1872), via this site’s Sanskrit dictionary (CC BY-SA 4.0); English↔Sanskrit word matches made automatically and may need checking.